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1735 In Science
The year 1735 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * July 11 - Pluto (not known at this time) enters a fourteen-year period inside the orbit of Neptune, which will not recur until 1979 in science, 1979. Biology * Carl Linnaeus publishes the first edition of his ''Systema Naturæ'' in Leiden. Chemistry * Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt. This is the first metal discovered since ancient times. Earth sciences * May – French Geodesic Mission (including Charles Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer, Louis Godin, Jorge Juan y Santacilia, Jorge Juan, Antonio de Ulloa, Joseph de Jussieu and Jean Godin des Odonais, Jean Godin) sets out for Ecuador. Mathematics * Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 in science, 1644, and the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. Meteorology * May 22 – George Hadley publishes the first explanation of the trade winds. Physiology and medicine * December 6 � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Bouguer
Pierre Bouguer () (16 February 1698, Le Croisic – 15 August 1758, Paris) was a French mathematician, geophysicist, geodesist, and astronomer. He is also known as "the father of naval architecture". Career Bouguer's father, Jean Bouguer, one of the best hydrographers of his time, was Regius Professor of hydrography at Le Croisic in lower Brittany, and author of a treatise on navigation. He taught his sons Pierre and Jan at their home, where he also taught private students. In 1714, at the age of 16, Pierre was appointed to succeed his deceased father as professor of hydrography. In 1727 he gained the prize given by the French Academy of Sciences for his paper ''On the masting of ships'', beating Leonhard Euler; and two other prizes, one for his dissertation ''On the best method of observing the altitude of stars at sea'', the other for his paper ''On the best method of observing the variation of the compass at sea''. These were published in the Prix de l'Académie des Sci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Winds
The trade winds or easterlies are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries. They enabled European colonization of the Americas, and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In meteorology, they act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern Indian oceans and cause rainfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar and East Africa. Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Hadley
George Hadley (12 February 1685 – 28 June 1768) was an English lawyer and amateur meteorologist who proposed the atmospheric mechanism by which the trade winds are sustained, which is now named in his honour as Hadley circulation. As a key factor in ensuring that European sailing vessels reached North American shores, understanding the trade winds was becoming a matter of great importance at the time. Hadley was intrigued by the fact that winds which should by all rights have blown straight north had a pronounced westerly flow, and it was this mystery he set out to solve. Life Hadley was born in London, England to George Hadley ( High Sheriff of Hertfordshire) and Katherine FitzJames. He had an unremarkable childhood, and was eclipsed in his early years by his older brother John Hadley (1682–1744), the inventor of the octant (a precursor to the sextant). With John and his other brother Henry, George had constructed effective Newtonian telescopes. George Hadley entered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Bridges Of Königsberg
The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler, in 1736, laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology. The city of Königsberg in Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) was set on both sides of the Pregel River, and included two large islands— Kneiphof and Lomse—which were connected to each other, and to the two mainland portions of the city, by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges once and only once. By way of specifying the logical task unambiguously, solutions involving either # reaching an island or mainland bank other than via one of the bridges, or # accessing any bridge without crossing to its other end are explicitly unacceptable. Euler proved that the problem has no solution. The difficulty he faced was the development of a suitable technique of analysis, and of subsequent tests that established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1644 In Science
The year 1644 AD in science and technology involved several significant events in mathematics, technology, and medicine. Mathematics * The Basel problem is posed by Pietro Mengoli, and will puzzle mathematicians until solved by Leonhard Euler in 1735. Technology * Jacob van Eyck collaborates with the bellfounding duo Pieter and François Hemony to create the first tuned carillon in Zutphen. Publications * Jan Baptist van Helmont publishes ''Dageraad ofte Nieuwe Opkomst der Geneeskunst'' ("Daybreak, or the New Rise of Medicine"). Births * 25 September – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer who makes the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light (died 1710) Deaths * 2 July – William Gascoigne, English scientist (born 1610) * 30 December – Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (born 1580 1580 (Roman numerals, MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 31 – Portuguese succession c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pietro Mengoli
Pietro Mengoli (1626, Bologna – June 7, 1686, Bologna) was an Italian mathematician and clergyman from Bologna, where he studied with Bonaventura Cavalieri at the University of Bologna, and succeeded him in 1647. He remained as professor there for the next 39 years of his life. Mengoli was pivotal figure in the development of calculus. He established the divergence of the harmonic series nearly forty years before Jacob Bernoulli, to whom the discovery is generally attributed; he gave a development in series of logarithms thirteen years before Nicholas Mercator published his famous treatise ''Logarithmotechnia''. Mengoli also gave a definition of the definite integral which is not substantially different from that given more than a century later by Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists 2008, p. 518. Biography Born in 1626, Pietro Mengoli studied mathematics and mechanics at the University of Bologna. After the death of his teacher, Bonaventura Cava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basel Problem
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, and read on 5 December 1735 in Russian Academy of Sciences#History, ''The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences''. Since the problem had withstood the attacks of the leading mathematicians of the day, Euler's solution brought him immediate fame when he was twenty-eight. Euler generalised the problem considerably, and his ideas were taken up more than a century later by Bernhard Riemann in his seminal 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude", in which he defined his Riemann zeta function, zeta function and proved its basic properties. The problem is named after the city of Basel, hometown of Euler as well as of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem. The Basel problem asks for the precise summation of the Multiplicative inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler ( ; ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, and engineer. He founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics, such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He also introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and Mathematical notation, notation, including the notion of a mathematical function. He is known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler has been called a "universal genius" who "was fully equipped with almost unlimited powers of imagination, intellectual gifts and extraordinary memory". He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia. Euler is credited for popularizing the Greek letter \pi (lowercase Pi (letter), pi) to denote Pi, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecuador
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contains the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific, about west of the mainland. The country's Capital city, capital is Quito and its largest city is Guayaquil. The land that comprises modern-day Ecuador was once home to several groups of Indigenous peoples in Ecuador, indigenous peoples that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was Spanish colonization of the Americas, colonized by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as a sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of Europe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Godin Des Odonais
Jean Godin des Odonais (5 July 1713 Saint-Amand-Montrond, France - 1 March 1792 Paris) was a French cartographer and naturalist. Biography Godin des Odonais had joined the world's first geodesy expedition to the equator, led by Charles Marie de La Condamine. He had been recommended to La Condamine by the expedition's chief astronomer, his cousin Louis Godin. To be distinguished from his relative, Jean added to his surname that of his mother, Odonais. When the commission returned to France, Godin des Odonais became professor of astronomy and natural science at the College of Quito, 1739. At the same time he studied the Indian languages and the flora of Ecuador. His marriage with an heiress, Isabel Gramesón, gave him the means, and in 1743 he resigned his chair and gave his whole time to natural science and the Indian language. He explored Ecuador and the northern provinces of Peru, and collected an herbarium containing more than 4,000 species of plants. He also made drawing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph De Jussieu
Joseph de Jussieu (3 September 1704 – 11 April 1779), was a French botanist and explorer, member of the Jussieu family. He introduced the common garden heliotrope (''Heliotropium arborescens'') to European gardeners. He was born in Lyon, and was the brother of Bernard and Antoine de Jussieu. He accompanied Charles Marie de La Condamine, Louis Godin and Pierre Bouguer on a voyage to South America in 1735, primarily to Ecuador with main aim to make astronomical sightings at the Equator to help establish shape of the Earth. He died in Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ..., aged 74. See also * De Jussieu family References 18th-century French botanists Members of the French Academy of Sciences 1704 births 1779 deaths {{France-botanist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
