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Ă–sterreichische Nationalbank
The (, , abbr. ) is the national central bank for Austria within the Eurosystem. It was the Austrian central bank from 1923 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1998, issuing the shilling. It started operations on under the economic assistance provided to Austria by the Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations, replacing the Austro-Hungarian Bank with its name recalling that of the Austro-Hungarian Bank's predecessor entity founded in 1816. It was liquidated following the Anschluss in March 1938, and re-established in July 1945. The OeNB is a joint-stock corporation governed by special legislative provision. Its entire capital of €12 million has been held by the Austrian federal government since May 2010, with shareholder rights exercised by the Minister of Finance. Before 2010, half of the capital was in the hands of employer and employee organizations as well as banks and insurance corporations. History The Oesterreichische Nationalbank was established un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm (), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities (composite monarchy) that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Austrian monarchy, the Austrian Empire () or the Danubian monarchy. The history of the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I of Germany, Rudolf I as King of the Romans, King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for the Habsburgs in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I acquired the Habsburg Netherlands, Netherlands through marriage. Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who also inherited the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish throne and Spanish Empire, its colonial possessions, and thus came to rule the Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye () was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Trianon with Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations, Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921), US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921. The treaty signing ceremony took place at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Background As a preamble, on 21 October 1918, 208 German-speaking delegates of the Austrian Imperial Council (Austria), Imperial Council had convened in a "provisional national assembly of German-Austria" at the Palais Niederösterreich, Lower Austrian Landtag. When the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Army culminated at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the Social D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economy Of Austria
The economy of Austria is a highly developed social market economy, with the country being one of the fourteen richest in the world in terms of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised. In recent years, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Among OECD nations, Austria has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 29.4% of GDP. Labor movements are particularly strong in Austria, and they have a large influence on labor politics. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy. The economy of Austria's average GDP is 13th growth in OECD countries, from 1992 to 2017. In Austria, 1.37% over average population growth is the strong factor. Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making the Austrian economy vulnerable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Kocher
Martin Georg Kocher (; born 13 September 1973) is an Austrian economist, academic, and politician who has been Minister of Labour since January 2021 and Ministry of Digital and Economic Affairs since 11 May 2022. He was a professor at the University of East Anglia before moving to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the University of Vienna. There he taught as a professor of behavioral economics and experimental economic research, and was also a visiting professor in Gothenburg and at the University of Queensland. His research interests are in behavioral economics Behavioral economics is the study of the psychological (e.g. cognitive, behavioral, affective, social) factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by traditional economi ..., experimental economics, and economic psychology. References Living people University of Innsbruck alumni Academics of the University of East ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Der Standard
''Der Standard'' () is an Austrian daily newspaper published in Vienna. It is considered a newspaper of record for Austria. History and profile ''Der Standard'' was founded by Oscar Bronner as a financial newspaper and published its first edition on 19 October 1988. German media company Axel Springer SE, Axel Springer acquired a stake in the paper in 1988 and sold it in 1995. Bronner remains the paper's publisher, Gerold Riedmann is editor-in-chief. ''Der Standard'' sees itself as—in a Continental European sense (socially and culturally, but not economically)—Liberalism, liberal and independent. Third parties have described the paper as having a left-liberal stance. Until 2007, the editor-in-chief of the daily was Gerfried Sperl, Alexandra Föderl-Schmid succeeded him in the post. In 2002 the paper was one of four quality daily newspapers with nationwide distribution along with ''Salzburger Nachrichten'', ''Die Presse'', and ''Wiener Zeitung''. Although ''Der Standard'' is i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ewald Nowotny
Ewald Nowotny () (born June 28, 1944, in Vienna) is an Austrian economist and social democratic politician and former governor of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank. He was also a member of the European Central Bank’s governing council. Early life and education Nowotny graduated with a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1966, took his habilitation at the Johannes Kepler University Linz in 1972 and was a full professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business from 1981 until 2008. Political career Since 1974, Nowotny has held various functions in the Austrian Social Democratic Party. He was a member of the National Council, the more important chamber of the Austrian parliament, from 1978 to 1999. Career at financial institutions From 1999 to 2003, Nowotny was vice president of the European Investment Bank in Luxembourg. From the beginning of 2006 until mid-2008, he was CEO of BAWAG P.S.K. During his time in office, he managed BAWAG’s sal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claus Raidl
Claus Raidl (6 November 1942 – 10 December 2024) was an Austrian banker. He was president of the Austrian National Bank from 2008 to 2018. Raidl died on 10 December 2024, at the age of 82. References 1942 births 2024 deaths Austrian bankers Governors of Oesterreichische Nationalbank[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Schaumayer
Maria Schaumayer (born on October 7, 1931 – January 23, 2013) was an Austrian economist and politician, a member of the Austrian People's Party. From 1990 to 1995, she served as the Governor of the Austria’s central bank, the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB). In 1996, she was named an Honorary Citizen of Vienna, and in 2000, she was awarded the Golden Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria. Early years and education Maria Schaumayer was born on October 7, 1931, in Graz. She graduated from the Realgymnasium in Fürstenfeld in 1949 and then studied international trade and economics at the University of World Trade in Vienna and law at the University of Innsbruck, completing her studies in 1952. Schaumayer received her doctorate in 1954 in economics. Career Initially, Schaumayer worked at the highly regarded Creditanstalt, where she became authorized signatory in 1961. She was also a member of the Viennese Association of Academics. From 1965 to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Kloss (bank Manager)
Hans Kloss (28 November 1905 – 16 March 1986) was an Austrian lawyer and bank manager. Kloss was born in Vienna in 1905. After studying law and political science, he worked for Österreichische Luftverkehrs AG and between 1939 and 1945 for the Lufthansa. After the Second World War, he became a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance in 1946, and worked there in providing services to the Austrian finance industry and as a delegate to the International Monetary Fund. He also worked in the Finance Committee of the OECD and for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. In 1962 Kloss moved into the private banking sector as Director General of Genossenschaftlichen Zentralbank AG (today Raiffeisen Bank International). In 1969, he was appointed Director General of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank The (, , abbr. ) is the National central bank (Eurosystem), national central bank for Austria within the Eurosystem. It was the Austrian central bank from 1923 to 1938 an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability (normally interpreted as a low and stable rate of inflation). Further purposes of a monetary policy may be to contribute to economic stability or to maintain predictable exchange rates with other currencies. Today most central banks in developed countries conduct their monetary policy within an inflation targeting framework, whereas the monetary policies of most developing countries' central banks target some kind of a fixed exchange rate system. A third monetary policy strategy, targeting the money supply, was widely followed during the 1980s, but has diminished in popularity since then, though it is still the official strategy in a number of emerging economies. The tools of monetary policy vary from central bank to central bank, depending on the country's stage of development, inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allied-occupied Austria
Austria was occupied by the Allies of World War II, Allies and declared independence from Nazi Germany on 27 April 1945 (confirmed by the Berlin Declaration (1945), Berlin Declaration for Germany on 5 June 1945), as a result of the Vienna offensive. The occupation ended when the Austrian State Treaty came into force on 27 July 1955. After the in 1938, Austria under National Socialism, Austria had generally been recognized as part of Nazi Germany. In November 1943, however, the Allies agreed in the Declaration of Moscow that Austria would instead be regarded as Austria victim theory, the first victim of Nazi aggression—without denying Austria's role in Nazi crimes—and treated as a liberated and independent country after the war. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and France. Vienna was similarly subdivided, but the central district wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Austrian Republic
The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states. In the late Iron Age Austria was occupied by people of the Hallstatt Celtic culture ( 800 BC), they first organized as a Celtic kingdom referred to by the Romans as Noricum, dating from 800 to 400 BC. At the end of the 1st century BC, the lands south of the Danube became part of the Roman Empire. In the Migration Period, the 6th century, the Bavarii, a Germanic people, occupied these lands until it fell to the Frankish Empire established by the Germanic Franks in the 9th century. The name ''Ostarrîchi'' (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy (later archduchy) of the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806). Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg and House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1273 to 1918. In 1806, when Emperor Francis II of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, Austria became the Austrian Empire, and was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
