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Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of declarations between the French Government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains which outlined the agreements for Algeria's Independence alongside cooperation with France. The Accords consisted of five chapters which detailed the guarantees and principals of this Independence. The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation. Historical Context The start of the Algerian War in 1954 emerged from a growing Algerian nationalist movement. The population was asked to fight in the Second World War alongside the French. In exchange for their duty, they demanded more political and economic rights which were refused. The tensions between the two parties rose when the National Liberation Front (FLN) called for independence in their Declaration of 1 November 1954. The French Gov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évian-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains (), or simply Évian (, , or ), is a Communes of France, commune in Eastern France, by the border with Switzerland. It is located in the northern part of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. A high-market holiday resort and spa town on the shores of Lake Geneva (), it has been visited, over two centuries, by royalty such as Kings Edward VII and George V of the United Kingdom and King Farouk of Egypt, and celebrities such as countess Anna de Noailles and Marcel Proust. History Birth of an elite spa town The springs of Evian were still rather unknown at the time of the French Revolution. But the First Empire's interest for spa towns inspired a scientist to analyse the Evian springs in 1807 and 1808. A lakeside port and a new road (RN5) connecting the town to Milan and Paris were constructed in 1809. In 1823, Genevan entrepreneur M. Fauconnet launched the Évian mineral water company (''Société des Eaux Minérales d'Évian'') and pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mers El Kébir
Mers El Kébir ( ) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria. It is famous for the attack on the French fleet in 1940, in the Second World War. History Originally a Phoenician port, it was called ''Portus Divinus'' under the Roman presence, Mers-el-Kébir became an Almohad naval arsenal in the 12th century, fell under the rulers of the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the 13th century, and eventually became a center of pirate activity around 1492. It was fought over by the Ottoman Turks, Portuguese (defeated in the 1501 Battle of Mers El Kebir by Abu Abdallah IV) and Spanish (defeated in the 1507 Battle of Mers-el-Kébir by Abu Abd Allah V). The Spanish, who named it ''Mazalquivir'', captured it in 1505 under Cardinal Cisneros. Mazalquivir was used as a base to capture neighbouring Oran in 1509. The Spanish held both cities until 1708, when they were driven out by Bey Mustapha Ben Youssef (also known as ''Bouchelaghem''). The Spanish retu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Seddik Benyahia
Mohammed Seddik Benyahia or Ben Yahia (; January 30, 1932 – May 3, 1982) was an Algerian politician and a militant nationalist during the war in Algeria. After independence he was Minister of Information (1967–1971), Higher Education (1971–1977), Finance (1977–1979), and Foreign Affairs (1979–1982). Early life He was born on January 30, 1932, in Jijel. During the Algerian war, he took an active part in the struggle for independence of his country. He was secretary general of the presidency of the provisional government of the Republic of Algeria ( GPRA) and a member of the Algerian delegation in negotiations with the French government in Evian in 1962. He was responsible for chairing the meeting of CNRA in Tripoli (Libya) in 1962. After the independence of his country, he held the post of ambassador to Moscow and London. He led the Algerian team that brokered the Algiers Accords. Ministries he held * Minister of Information from 1967 to 1971, When he organized ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taïeb Boulahrouf
Taïeb Boulahrouf (9 April 1923 – 26 June 2005)Biography of Taïeb Boulahrouf was an Algerian and militant nationalist during the . Birth and youth Boulahrouf was born on 9 April 1923 in the region of Oued Zenati (). He grew up in a family of modest means, undertook his studies at |
Lakhdar Bentobal
Slimane Bentebal (1923, Mila, Algeria – 21 August 2010), better known as Lakhdar Bentobal, is a former Algerian resistance fighter. Biography Lakhdar Bentobal was a member of the nationalist Parti du peuple Algérien (PPA), and later moved on to its paramilitary organization ('' Organisation spéciale'', OS) which became the embryo of the Front de libération nationale (FLN). He was one of the original "historical leaders" of the FLN's 1 November 1954 uprising against French colonialism. A top leader of the FLN's interior armed action in the 1954-62 Algerian war of independence. He was a member of all three issues of the FLN's exile government, the GPRA, in various ministerial capacities. He was a key participant at the negotiations of Evian who insisted on the integrity of the entire Algerian territory including the Sahara and its resources. On independence in 1962, he opposed the victorious military-backed takeover of Ahmed Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella (; 25 Decemb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saad Dahlab
Saad Dahlab (April 18, 1918 – December 16, 2000) was an Algerian nationalist and politician. A long-time national activist, he played a part in virtually all the early Algerian nationalist movements: L' Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA), the Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) and the Mouvement pour la Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD), all of them headed by Messali Hadj. Biography He was jailed by France from 1945 to 1946. After becoming part of the internal anti-Hadj opposition in the PPA-MTLD, he joined the emergent Front de libération nationale (FLN) splinter group, which began an armed rebellion in 1954. During the Algerian war of independence (1954–62), he was involved with the creation of ''El Moudjahid''—the FLN bulletin that evolved into independent Algeria's main French language daily—as well as with radio transmissions and other propaganda efforts. He also served as minister of foreign affairs in the 1961-62 version of the group's exile government (t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Algerian Évian Accords Referendum
An independence referendum was held in French Algeria on 1 July 1962. It followed French approval of the Évian Accords in an April referendum. Voters were asked whether Algeria should become an independent state, co-operating with France; 99.72% voted in favour with a voter turnout of 91.88%. Following the referendum, France declared Algeria to be independent on 3 July; the decision was published in the official journal the following day, and Algerian leaders declared 5 July (the 132nd anniversary of the French arrival in Algiers) to be Independence Day. When Algeria ceased to be part of France it also ceased being part of the European Communities. Background The Algerian War was started by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) with the Toussaint Rouge attacks on 1 November 1954. Conflicts proliferated in France, including the May 1958 Algerian crisis that led to the fall of the Fourth Republic. French forces used brutal means of attempting to suppress Algerian na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 French Évian Accords Referendum
A referendum to approve the Évian Accords ending the Algerian War and granting self-determination to Algeria was held in France on 8 April 1962.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p674 It was approved by 90.8% of voters with a 75.3% turnout. On 1 July a second referendum was held in Algeria, with the question "Do you want Algeria to become an independent state cooperating with France under the conditions defined by the 19 March 1962 declarations?" put to voters. Only people living in Algeria were able to participate in the second referendum. This second r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Court Of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; , CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that Adjudication, adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on International law, international legal issues as interpretation of international treaties, borders disputes and human rights cases. It is one of the United Nations System#Six principal organs, six organs of the United Nations (UN), and is located in The Hague, Netherlands. The ability to file a case before the ICJ is limited exclusively to recognized governments of states. The ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 by the League of Nations. After the World War II, Second World War, the League and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The Statute of the ICJ, which sets forth its purpose and structure, draws heavily from that of its predecessor, whose decisions remain valid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oran
Oran () is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, Algiers, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is west-southwest from Algiers. The total population of the city was 803,329 in 2008, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second-largest city in Algeria. Etymology The word ''Wahran'' comes from the Berber expression ''wa - iharan'' (place of lions). A locally popular legend tells that in the period around AD 900, there were sightings of Barbary lions in the area. The last two lions were killed on a mountain near Oran, and it became known as ''la montagne des lions'' ("The Mountain of Lions"). Two giant lion statues stand in front of Oran's city hall, symbolizing the city. History Overview During the Roman Empire, a small settlement called ''Unica Colonia'' existed in the area of the current ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franc
The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription ''francorum rex'' (King of the Franks) used on early French coins and until the 18th century, or from the French ''franc'', meaning "frank" (and "free" in certain contexts, such as ''coup franc'', "free kick"). The countries that use francs today include Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and most of Francophone Africa. The Swiss franc is a major world currency today due to the prominence of Swiss financial institutions. Before the introduction of the euro in 1999, francs were also used in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, while Andorra and Monaco accepted the French franc as legal tender ( Monégasque franc). The franc was also used in French colonies including Algeria and Cambodia. The franc is sometimes Italianised or Hispanicised as the ''franco'', for instance in Luccan franco. Origins The franc was originally a French gold coi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
