Pashto language

Pakistan

Although Pashto is used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students, which results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, the government of Pakistan has introduced Pashto only at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity".