Helicarionidae is a
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...
s or
semi-slug
Semi-slugs, also spelled semislugs, are land gastropods whose shells are too small for them to retract into, but not quite vestigial. The shell of some semi-slugs may not be easily visible on casual inspection, because the shell may be covered ...
s,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...
pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...
gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the superfamily
Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* ...
.
Distribution
The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern
Palearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
Th ...
,
Malagasy,
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, south-eastern Asia, Hawaii, and Australia.
Anatomy
Species of snails within this family make and use
love dart
A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcium carbonate, calcareous or chitinous Dart (missile), dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stor ...
s made of
chitin
Chitin (carbon, C8hydrogen, H13oxygen, O5nitrogen, N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine, ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cell ...
.
In this family, the number of
haploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ...
chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...
s lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).
Taxonomy
The family Helicarionidae is nested within the
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina.
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be ...
, as shown in the following
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
:
[Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". '']Journal of Biogeography
The ''Journal of Biogeography'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1974. It covers aspects of spatial, ecological, and historical biogeography. The founding editor-in-chief was David Watts, followed by John Flen ...
'' 27(2): 379-390.
JSTOR
Genera
The following genera are recognised in the family Helicarionidae:
;Subfamily Helicarioninae
*''
Amenixesta''
*''
Antiquarion''
*''
Attenborougharion''
*''
Bathia''
*''
Brevisentis''
*''
Burnettia''
*''
Caldwellia''
*''
Chalepotaxis''
*''
Colmanarion''
*''
Ctenoglypta''
*''
Ctenophila''
*''
Cucullarion''
*''
Dancea''
*''
Delinitesta''
*''
Dendrolamellaria''
*''
Dendronitor''
*''
Dupontia''
*''
Echonitor''
*''
Eddiella''
*''
Einasleighana''
*''
Elatonitor''
*''
Ellarion''
*''
Epiglypta''
*''
Erepta''
*''
Eufretum''
*''
Expocystis''
*''
Fastosarion''
*''
Fenestrarion''
*''
Fijia''
*''
Gudeoconcha''
*''
Harmogenanina''
*''
Helicarion
''Helicarion'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Helicarionidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helicarion Férussac, 1821. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...
''
*''
Howearion
''Howearion'' is a genus of two species of helicarionid semislugs that are endemic to Australia’s Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zeala ...
''
*''
Irenella''
*''
Kalidos''
*''
Laconia
Laconia or Lakonia (, , ) is a historical and Administrative regions of Greece, administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparti (municipality), Sparta. The word ...
''
*''
Laocaia''
*''
Levidens''
*''
Limpidarion''
*''
Luinarion''
*''
Mistarion''
*''
Montanocystis''
*''
Mysticarion''
*''
Nesonanina''
*''
Nitor''
*''
Pachystyla
''Pachystyla'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pachystyla Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...
''
*''
Palmervillea''
*''
Parmacochlea''
*''
Parmavitrina''
*''
Parmella''
*''
Parmellops
''Parmellops'' is a genus of two species of semislugs that are endemic to Australia's Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures ...
''
*''
Peloparion''
*''
Periclocystis''
*''
Petalochlamys''
*''
Plegma
''Plegma'' is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae
Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk ...
''
*''
Pravonitor''
*''
Pseudophasis''
*''
Pseudosaphtia''
*''
Pseudosesara''
*''
Quirosella''
*''
Saphtia''
*''
Sheaia''
*''
Sigaloeista''
*''
Sitalarion''
*''
Stanisicarion''
*''
Tarocystis''
*''
Thularion''
*''
Torrecystis''
*''
Tropicystis''
*''
Urazirochlamys''
*''
Vanmolia''
*''
Westracystis''
*''
Zagmena''
;Subfamily Durgellinae
Godwin-Austen, 1888
* tribe Durgellini
Godwin-Austen, 1888
** ''
Aenigmatoconcha''
C. Tumpeesuwan & S. Tumpeesuwan, 2017
** ''
Austenia''
G. Nevill, 1878
** ''
Cryptaustenia''
Cockerell, 1891
** ''
Durgella''
Blanford, 1863 - type genus of the subfamily Durgellinae
** ''
Eurychlamys''
Godwin-Austen, 1899
** ''
Holkeion''
Godwin-Austen, 1908
** ''
Ibycus
Ibycus (; ; ) was an Greek lyric, Ancient Greek lyric poet, a citizen of Rhegium in Magna Graecia, probably active at Samos during the reign of the tyrant Polycrates and numbered by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria in the canon (fiction), ca ...
''
Heynemann, 1863
** ''
Muangnua''
Solem, 1966
** ''
Nesaecia''
Gude, 1911
** ''
Pseudaustenia''
Cockerell, 1891
** ''
Rasama''
Laidlaw, 1932
** ''
Rhyssotopsis''
Ancey, 1887
** ''
Rotungia''
Godwin-Austen, 1918
** ''
Satiella''
W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908
** ''
Sitala''
H. Adams, 1865
** ''
Sivella''
W.T. Blanford, 1863
** ''
Sophina''
Benson, 1859
** ''
Teraia''
Solem, 1966
* tribe Girasiini
** ''
Girasia''
Gray, 1855 - type genus of the tribe Girasiini
* ''
Burmochlamys''
Pholyotha & Panha, 2022
;Unplaced genera
* ''
Advena''
Gude, 1913
* ''
Apothapsia''
D. T. Holyoak & G. A. Holyoak, 2020
* ''
Kermarion''
Iredale, 1944
* ''
Ovachlamys''
Habe, 1946
* ''
Pittoconcha''
Preston, 1913
* ''
Ubiquitarion''
Hyman, Lamborena & Köhler, 2017
References
External links
Video of a Helicarionid in Sulawesi
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