Exonumia are

numismatic Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects. Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also inclu ...

items (such as tokens,

medal A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides. They typically have a commemorative purpose of some kind, and many are presented as awards. They may be in ...

s, or

scrip A scrip (or ''wikt:chit#Etymology 3, chit'' in India) is any substitute for legal tender. It is often a form of credit (finance), credit. Scrips have been created and used for a variety of reasons, including exploitative payment of employees un ...

) other than coins and paper money. This includes "Good For" tokens, badges, counterstamped coins,

elongated coin An elongated coin (also known as a pressed penny or smashed penny) is a coin that has been flattened or stretched, and embossed with a new design. Such coins are often used as commemorative or souvenir tokens, and it is common to find coin elong ...

s, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags,

wooden nickel In the United States, a wooden nickel is a wooden token coin, usually issued by a merchant or bank as a promotion, sometimes redeemable for a specific item such as a drink. Scrip and tokens have often been issued locally in times of severe ...

s and other similar items. It is an aspect of

numismatics Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects. Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also inclu ...

and many

coin collector Coin collecting is the collecting of coins or other forms of minted legal tender. Coins of interest to collectors include beautiful, rare, and historically significant pieces. Collectors may be interested, for example, in complete sets of a ...

s are also exonumists. Besides the above strict definition, others extend it to include non-coins which may or may not be legal tenders such as

cheques A cheque (or check in American English) is a document that orders a bank, building society, or credit union, to pay a specific amount of money from a person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued. The person writing ...

, credit cards and similar paper. These can also be considered

notaphily Notaphily is the study and collection of paper currency, and banknotes. A notaphilist is a collector of banknotes or paper money, particularly as a hobby. History It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has ...

scripophily Scripophily is the study and collection of stock and bond certificates. A specialized field of numismatics, scripophily has developed as an area of collecting because of the inherent beauty of certain historical certificates, and because of int ...

Etymology

The noun ''exonumia'' is derived from two classical roots: ''exo'', meaning "out-of" in

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

, and ''

nummus Nummus (. nummi) is a Latin word for various coins that was borrowed from Doric Greek ''noummos'' (; Classical Greek: , ''nómos''). Originally referring to a specific style of coin used in Greek-speaking Southern Italy, the term nummus came to ...

'', meaning "coin" in

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

(from Greek νοῦμμος – ''noummos'', "coin"); thus, "out ideof- he categoryoins". The equivalent

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

term,

paranumismatica Exonumia are Numismatics, numismatic items (such as Token coin, tokens, medals, or scrip) other than coins and paper money. This includes "Good For" tokens, badges, counterstamped coins, elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags ...

, may also be used. The words ''exonumist'' and ''exonumia'' were coined in July 1960 by

Russell Rulau Russell Alphonse Rulau (September 21, 1926 – November 12, 2012) was an American numismatist. He was involved in coin collecting for over 60 years. From his earliest days as a casual collector, Rulau contributed to numismatics as a writer, edit ...

, a recognized authority and author on the subject, and accepted by

Webster's dictionary ''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the US English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by Noah Webster (1758–1843), a US lexicographer, as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's n ...

in 1965.

Token coins

Many tokens were produced and used as currency in the United States and elsewhere when there was a shortage of government-issued money. Tokens have been used for both to advertise and to facilitate commerce and may or may not have a value. Token authority

offers a broad definition for exonumia in his 1040 page tome, ''UNITED STATES TOKENS: 1700–1900'' but lines between categories can be fuzzy. For example, an advertising token may also be considered a medal. Good For tokens may also advertise. Counter-stamped coins have been called "little billboards." One way of parsing tokens is into these three general categories: * Has a "value," facilitating commerce, such as ''Good for (something)''. * Commemoration, remembrance, dedication, or the like, for some person, place, idea or event. * Of a ''personal nature''. Typically, catalogs of tokens are organized by location, time period, and/or type of item. Historically, the need for tokens grew out of the need for currency. In America, some tokens legally circulated alongside or instead of currency. Hard Times Tokens and

Civil War tokens Civil War tokens are token coins that were privately minted and distributed in the United States between 1861 and 1864. They were used mainly in the Northeast and Midwest. The widespread use of the tokens was a result of the scarcity of governmen ...

each were the size of the contemporary cent. Afterwards, value based items, such as ''Good for (amount of money)'', ''Good for One Quart of Milk'', ''Good for One Beer'', ''Good for One Ride…'' and others were specifically linked to commerce of the store or place of issue.

Medals

Medals are coin-like artistic objects, typically with a commemorative purpose. They may be awarded for recognition of achievement or created for sale to commemorate individuals or events. They may be souvenirs, devotional, or purely artistic. Medals are generally not used as currency or for exchange.

Exonumia collecting

Exonumia collectors, like coin collectors, are attentive to condition and rarity, as well as to history, form and type. Exonumists may collect items by region, topic, type, shape or material and this affects the ways tokens are documented. The following categories are typical. This is not all-inclusive but is a sampling of the wide variety of exonumia.

By type

''Modified/augmented'': *Love Token: A coin with hand engraving, on one or both sides, or deliberately bent. Some were made by convicts prior to deportation. When bent, the coin indicated the taking of a vow.Coin News. Pub. Token. . July 1998. p. 29. *Carved Potty coins: usually

United States Seated Liberty coinage The Seated Liberty Glossary of numismatics, portrait designs appeared on most regular-issue silver United States coinage from 1836 through 1891. The denominations which featured the Liberty (goddess), Goddess of Liberty in a Seated Liberty design i ...

carved to show lady Liberty sitting on a chamber pot. *

Hobo nickel The hobo nickel is a sculptural art form involving the creative modification of small-denomination coins, resulting in miniature bas reliefs. The United States nickel coin was favored because of its size, thickness, and softness; but the term ' ...

s: Initially, hand-engraved

Buffalo nickel The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper–nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser. As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denomi ...

s mostly in the era 1913–38. Now, applied more generally to hand-engraved coins of different denominations. * Counterstamped/countermarked or chopped coins (done by merchants or governments) *Cut Coins: artistically carved creations made from genuine coins, both new and old, often for jewelry. *

Elongated coin An elongated coin (also known as a pressed penny or smashed penny) is a coin that has been flattened or stretched, and embossed with a new design. Such coins are often used as commemorative or souvenir tokens, and it is common to find coin elong ...

s: Rolled out with advertising, commemorative, or souvenir designs on one side *Encased Coin: Generally in a ring with advertising * Colored or painted circulation or bullion issues *

Short snorter A short snorter is a banknote inscribed by people traveling together on an aircraft. The tradition was started by Alaskan bush flyers in the 1920s and spread through the military and commercial aviation. During World War II short snorters were s ...

: paper money signed by people sharing a common experience *

Coin slab A coin slab is a type of holder for a coin. Slabbed coins are typically from one of the coin grading companies. The practice of sending coins to third-party grading companies and then "slabbing" them began in 1986. When a grading company grades ...

s: rare or sample slabs ''Play money / fantasy / counterfeit / art'' *

Play money Play money, toy money, faux paper money or formally ludic money is money that functions as a toy or a token in a game or when playing. The first such toy money was printed in 1880 by the Milton Bradley Toys company, and was actually a teaching t ...

or game counters (e.g. imitation guineas, whist tokens) * Fantasy issue or novelty money (e.g. Promotional fake United States currency, Prop money) *

Mardi Gras Doubloons Mardi Gras Doubloons are Mardi Gras throws shaped like coins that commemorate various Krewes, Mardi Gras Krewes. They are typically made of aluminum and are thrown from floats in carnival parades. The first doubloons used as throws from parades of ...

Counterfeit coins Coin counterfeiting of valuable antique coins is common; modern high-value coins are also counterfeited and circulated.evasion tokens * Money art ''Government services & non-national tools to facilitate commerce'' *

Jeton Jetons or jettons are tokens or coin-like medals produced across Europe from the 13th through the 18th centuries. They were produced as counters for use in calculation on a counting board, a lined board similar to an abacus. Jetons for calcul ...

s: Used as counters when verifying totals or weights of coins for commerce and exchange *

Telephone token Telephone tokens were token coins once widely used for making telephone calls from public telephones in place of ordinary coins. They were also sometimes used as a medium of exchange and as a collectible. Telephone tokens were once widely used i ...

s/ Gettoni *

Local currency In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area, while a community curren ...

, e.g.

Ithaca Hours The Ithaca HOUR was a local currency used in Ithaca, New York, though it is now no longer in circulation. It was one of the longest-running local currency systems, and inspired other similar systems in Madison, Wisconsin; Santa Barbara, Californ ...

* Sales tax tokens: Issued by states and merchants * Dog license tags * Post office tags * Ration tokens, e.g. OPA tokens *

Food stamps In the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, is a Federal government of the United States, federal government program that provides food-purchasing assistance for Poverty ...

* Slave tags: see

Slave codes The slave codes were laws relating to slavery and enslaved people, specifically regarding the Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the Americas. Most slave codes were concerned with the rights and duties of free people in regards to ensla ...

''Transportation tokens'' * Ferries and watercraft * Buses * Subway * Trains * Trams/Trolleys ''Closed community / membership'' *

Communion token A communion token is a metal token issued to members of Reformed churches in order to provide them entrance to the Lord's Supper. There were many types issued in Scotland in the 18th and 19th centuries, but they were largely superseded by commun ...

s: given to congregation members to permit them to participate in

Holy Communion The Eucharist ( ; from , ), also called Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament or the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite, considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others. Christians believe that the rite was instituted by J ...

Company scrip Company scrip is scrip (a substitute for government-issued legal tender or currency) issued by a company to payroll, pay its employees. It can only be exchanged in company stores owned by the employers. In the United Kingdom, such truck systems ...

** Bingle tokens **

Lumber Lumber is wood that has been processed into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including beams and planks or boards. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, window frames). ...

Mining Mining is the Resource extraction, extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agriculture, agricultural processes, or feasib ...

* Ingle Credit System script *

Civilian Conservation Corps The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government unemployment, work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was ...

(CCC) * College Currency *

Challenge coin A challenge coin is a small coin or medallion, bearing an organization's insignia or emblem and carried by the organization's members. Traditionally, they might be given to prove membership when asked and to enhance morale. They are also colle ...

s * Fraternal **

Masonic Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...

Elks The Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS), formerly known as Linux-8086, is a Linux-like operating system kernel. It is a subset of the Linux kernel, intended for 16-bit computers with limited processor and memory resources such as machines pow ...

Moose The moose (: 'moose'; used in North America) or elk (: 'elk' or 'elks'; used in Eurasia) (''Alces alces'') is the world's tallest, largest and heaviest extant species of deer and the only species in the genus ''Alces''. It is also the tal ...

Woodmen of the World WoodmenLife (officially Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Society) is a not-for-profit fraternal benefit society founded in 1890, based in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, that operates a large privately held insurance company for its members. ...

Geocoins A geocoin is a metal or wooden token minted in similar fashion to a medallion, token coin, military challenge coin or wooden nickel, for use in geocaching, specifically as form of a calling card. Many of these are made to be trackable on vario ...

used in geocaching * Leper colony money * Military ** Military payment certificate **

Allied Military Currency Allied Military Currency (AMC) was a form of currency issued by the Allied powers during World War II, to be issued to troops entering liberated or newly occupied countries, as a form of currency control. Background Historically, soldiers servin ...

Japanese invasion money Japanese invasion money, officially known as Southern Development Bank Notes ( ''Dai Tō-A Sensō gunpyō'', "Greater East Asia War military scrip"), was currency issued by the Japanese Military Authority, as a replacement for local currency afte ...

** canteen, mess hall, NCO club tokens * Plantation ** Picker tokens for crops * Prison and Correctional/Asylums * Sobriety coin South Leith communion token obverse

''By material / shapes'' *

Wooden nickel In the United States, a wooden nickel is a wooden token coin, usually issued by a merchant or bank as a promotion, sometimes redeemable for a specific item such as a drink. Scrip and tokens have often been issued locally in times of severe ...

s * Cardboard or paper * Hard rubber or

ebonite Ebonite is a brand name for a material generically known as hard rubber or vulcanite, obtained via vulcanizing natural rubber for prolonged periods. Ebonite may contain from 25% to 80% sulfur and linseed oil. Its name comes from its intended us ...

Porcelain money Porcelain money refers to coins and tokens made of porcelain intended for economic exchange. Most famous are the German ''Notgeld'' struck between 1921 and 1923, and the gambling tokens used as petty coinage in Siam with Chinese characters. Ger ...

Bullion Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity. The term is ordinarily applied to bulk metal used in the production of coins and especially to precious metals such as gold and silver. It comes from ...

, e.g. non-legal tender silver rounds ''Movements and ideals'' * Temperance * Anti-slavery * Religious, e.g. Indian temple tokens * Political tokens, e.g.

Bryan Money Bryan Money is a term used by numismatism, numismatists to refer to token coin, tokens and medals associated with William Jennings Bryan's platform during the 1896 United States presidential election, United States presidential elections of 1896 and ...

''Of a personal nature – personals'' * Key tags (e.g. ''In case lost return to …'') * Badges ** Company ** Occupation * Hand-engraved or uniquely counterstamped coins, as pocket pieces * Watch fobs Loco pay cheque - GWR

''By issuer'' * Arcade/Amusement tokens * Apothecary tokens * Bakery token * Beer * Pub/bar/saloon * Billiards/pool * Brothel tokens *

Car wash A car wash, or auto wash, is a facility used to clean the exterior, and in some cases the interior, of motor vehicle, cars. Car washes can be #Self-serve car wash, self-service, full-service (with attendants who wash the vehicle), or #Autom ...

tokens * Casino/Slot tokens/Casino chips * Cigar/smoke shops * Coat check * Disney Dollars * Fisherman tokens * Milk/dairy * Parking tokens: for

meters The metre (or meter in US spelling; symbol: m) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of of ...

gates Gates is the plural of gate, a point of entry to a space which is enclosed by walls. It may also refer to: People * Gates (surname), various people with the last name * Gates Brown (1939-2013), American Major League Baseball player * Gates McFadd ...

Pay toilet A pay toilet is a public toilet that requires the user to pay. It may be street furniture or be inside a building, e.g. a shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is usually for the maintenance of the equip ...

tokens *

Peep show A peep show, peepshow, or, a peep booth is a presentation of a live sex show or pornographic film which is viewed through a viewing slot. Several historical media provided voyeuristic entertainment through hidden erotic imagery. Before the devel ...

* Railway cheque tokens ''Medals'' * Politicians, inventors and other notables, e.g.

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

World's fair A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a perio ...

s or other expositions * City or state anniversaries * So-called dollars: medals and souvenirs similar in size to a silver dollar commemorating American historical events such as world's fairs, anniversary celebrations, dedications, battles, public works projects, etc. ''Modern items'' under the exonumia umbrella include: * Credit cards *

Gift card A gift card, also known as a gift certificate in North America, or gift voucher or gift token in the UK, is a prepaid stored-value card, stored-value money card, usually issued by a retailer or bank, to be used as an alternative to cash for pu ...

s *

Telephone card A telephone card, calling card or phone card for short, is a credit card-size plastic or paper card used to pay for telephone services (often international or long-distance calling). It is not necessary to have the physical card except with a s ...

s * Music cards

By region

China

There are many types of Chinese exonumia, including alternative currencies: * Bamboo tally *

Token Token may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * Token, a game piece or counter, used in some games * The Tokens, a vocal music group * Tolkien Black, a recurring character on the animated television series ''South Park,'' formerly known as ...

and numismatic charms: *

Buddhist coin charm Buddhist coin charms are a category of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese numismatic charms that depict Buddhist religious imagery or inscriptions. These coin charms often imitate the design of Chinese cash coins, but can exist in many dif ...

* Burial money * Confucian coin charm * Horse coin *

Hell money Hell banknotes in Thailand resembling Thai_Baht.html" ;"title="United States Dollar, and Thai Baht">United States Dollar, and Thai Baht banknotes Hell money () is a modernized form of joss paper printed to resemble legal tender bank notes. The ...

Lei Ting curse charm Lei Ting curse charms (), or ''Lôi Đình curse charms'', are a type of Chinese and Vietnamese numismatic charms. These charms can be described as a talismanic coin as they are often based on Chinese cash coins but can also have round holes ins ...

* Marriage coin charm * Open-work charm * Vault protector coin *

Taoist coin charm Taoist coin charms (), or ''Daoist coin charms'' are a family of categories of Chinese numismatic charm, Chinese and Vietnamese numismatic charms that incorporate elements of the Taoism, Taoist religion. Taoist coin charms come in various shapes, ...

* Zhengde Tongbao

Germany

Notgeld (German language, German for 'emergency money' or 'necessity money') is money issued by an institution in a time of economic or political crisis. The issuing institution is usually one without official sanction from the central government. This ...

, primarily in the form of paper

banknote A banknote or bank notealso called a bill (North American English) or simply a noteis a type of paper money that is made and distributed ("issued") by a bank of issue, payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by commerc ...

s, was issued in Germany and Austria during

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

and the

interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period, also known as the interbellum (), lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II ( ...

by towns, banks and other institutions due to a shortage of money.

Latin America

Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...

n coffee or plantation tokens were an important part of commerce. Many plantation owners had their own commissaries and workers used plantation tokens to pay for provisions. Many tokens were made in the United States or Europe. Plantation tokens had an array of denominations and names. The name can be the owner, their relatives or the name of the farm (or finca). Tokens had allegorical symbols to identify the owner. Tokens were used as currency when there was not enough official currency available. Workers could convert the tokens to official currency on Saturdays. Tokens were made in all types of base metals and alloys plus plastic, celluloid and

bakelite Bakelite ( ), formally , is a thermosetting polymer, thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed by Belgian chemist ...

. Unique to Costa Rica were tokens made of paper ( paper chits). The word "boleto" is used in Costa Rica for the word token whereas "ficha" is used in the rest of Latin America.

United Kingdom

Conder token Conder tokens, also known as 18th-century provincial tokens, were a form of privately minted token coinage struck and used during the later part of the 18th century and the early part of the 19th century in England and Wales (including Anglesey ...

s were privately minted tokens from the later part of the 18th century and the early part of the 19th century in

England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...

Anglesey Anglesey ( ; ) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales. It forms the bulk of the Principal areas of Wales, county known as the Isle of Anglesey, which also includes Holy Island, Anglesey, Holy Island () and some islets and Skerry, sker ...

and

Wales Wales ( ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the England–Wales border, east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic ...

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

, and

Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...

United States

Rulau breaks down American tokens into these general time periods: * Early American *

Hard times token Hard Times Tokens are American large cent or half-cent-sized copper or brass tokens, struck from about 1833 through 1843, serving as unofficial currency. These privately made pieces, comprising merchant, political and satirical pieces, were u ...

s were made during the " hard times" after

President Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before his presidency, he rose to fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. His p ...

shut down the

Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States was the second federally authorized Second Report on Public Credit, Hamiltonian national bank in the United States. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the bank was chartered from February 1816 to January ...

. These tokens were issued privately to circulate in the local economy as a one cent coin. They had a wide variety of subject matter, including advertising and political/satirical themes (anti-slavery, anti-Jackson). *

Civil War token Civil War tokens are token coins that were privately minted and distributed in the United States between 1861 and 1864. They were used mainly in the Northeast and Midwest. The widespread use of the tokens was a result of the scarcity of governmen ...

s were made between 1861 and 1864 due to the scarcity of government-issued cents during the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

Encased postage stamp John Gault was an American entrepreneur and inventor who created the encased postage stamp. Gault used these encased postage stamps as a means to solve a coin shortage during the American Civil War, Civil War as well as ultimately profit from thei ...

s were also used for this purpose. * Merchant (including modern gas tokens, ex: Shell tokens) * Trade tokens *

Gay 90s The Gay Nineties is an American nostalgic term and a periodization of the history of the United States referring to the decade of the 1890s. It is known in the United Kingdom as the Naughty Nineties, and refers there to the decade of supposedly d ...

References

External links

Token And Medal Society

Civil War Token SocietyRichard's Token Database
Searchable database for Good For's and other items {{Chinese exonumia