Tiger beetles are a family of

beetle Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...

s, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, ''

Rivacindela hudsoni ''Rivacindela hudsoni'' is an Australian species of the family Cicindelinae or "tiger beetle" and is the fastest running insect. The genus ''Rivacindela'' is contentiously treated as a subgenus of the broader ''Cicindela'' and are typically fou ...

'', can run at a speed of , or about 125 body lengths per second. As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics. While historically treated as a subfamily of

ground beetles Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it is one of the 10 most species-rich animal fa ...

(Carabidae) under the name Cicindelinae, several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family, the Cicindelidae, which are a sister group to Carabidae within the

Adephaga The Adephaga (from Greek ἀδηφάγος, ''adephagos'', "gluttonous") are a suborder of beetles, and with more than 40,000 recorded species in 10 families, the second-largest of the four beetle suborders. Members of this suborder are collecti ...

Description

Tiger beetles often have large bulging eyes, long, slender legs and large curved

mandibles In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin ''mandibula'', 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla). The jawbone i ...

. All are predatory, both as adults and as larvae. The genus ''

Cicindela ''Cicindela'', commonly known as common tiger beetles, are generally brightly colored and metallic beetles, often with some sort of patterning of ivory or cream-colored markings. They are most abundant and diverse in habitats very often near bodi ...

'' has a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...

. Other well-known genera include ''

Tetracha ''Tetracha'' is a genus of metallic tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, formerly treated as a subgenus within the genus ''Megacephala''. ''Tetracha'' species are exclusively New World in distribution, while ''Megacephala'' are exclusively O ...

'', ''

Omus ''Omus'' is a genus of tiger beetles, subfamily Cicindelinae. Its members are dark colored, nocturnal, and flightless. All members occur along the west coast of North America.Jürgen Wiesner (2021) Checklist of the Tiger Beetles of the World 2nd. ...

'', ''

Amblycheila ''Amblycheila'' is a genus of flightless, nocturnal tiger beetles. There are eight species distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the ...

'' and '' Manticora''. While members of the genus ''Cicindela'' are usually diurnal and may be out on the hottest days, ''Tetracha'', ''Omus'', ''Amblycheila'' and ''Manticora'' are all

nocturnal Nocturnality is a ethology, behavior in some non-human animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnality, diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatur ...

. Both ''Cicindela'' and ''Tetracha'' are often brightly colored, while the other genera mentioned are usually uniform black in color. Tiger beetles in the genus ''Manticora'' are the largest in size of the family. These live primarily in the dry regions of

southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost region of Africa. No definition is agreed upon, but some groupings include the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, United Nations geoscheme, the intergovernmental Southern African Development Community, and ...

. The

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

e of tiger beetles live in cylindrical burrows as much as a meter deep. The

grub GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader, commonly referred to as GRUB) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation's Multiboot Specification, which provides a use ...

s have a large head, armored on top with up to six small eyes and formidable mandibles beneath. There is a prominent hump on the top of their fifth abdominal segment with two pairs of reverse pointing hooks to anchor then in their burrow with their head filling the burrow and flush with the surface. They wait for prey to come too close, attempt to grab and pull them down their shaft. The hump and hooks prevent struggling prey from pulling them out of their shaft. The fast-moving adults run down their prey and are extremely fast on the wing, their reaction times being of the same order as that of common houseflies. Some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal, but most run on the surface of the ground. They live along sea and lake shores, on sand dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths, being particularly fond of sandy surfaces. Tiger beetles are considered a good

indicator species A bioindicator is any species (an indicator species) or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. The most common indicator species are animals. For example, copepods and other sma ...

and have been used in ecological studies on

biodiversity Biodiversity is the variability of life, life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and Phylogenetics, phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distribut ...

. Several species of wingless parasitic wasps in the genus ''

Methocha ''Methocha'' is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Thynnidae. The species of this genus are found worldwide except in Australia, and attack the larvae of tiger beetles. Females are wingless, and can be mistaken for ants, while males are w ...

'' (family

Thynnidae The Thynnidae (also known as thynnid wasps, flower wasps, or thynnid flower wasps) are a family of large, solitary wasps whose larvae are almost universally parasitoids of various beetle larvae, especially those in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. ...

), lay their eggs on larvae of various ''

'' spp., such as ''

Cicindela dorsalis ''Habroscelimorpha dorsalis'', commonly known as the eastern beach tiger beetle, is a species of flashy tiger beetle (Cicindelini tribe) in the family Cicindelidae. It is found in Central America and North America. Description The body length i ...

''.

Adaptations

Tiger beetles display an unusual form of pursuit in which they alternatively sprint quickly toward their prey, then stop and visually reorient. This may be because while running, the beetle is moving too fast for its visual system to accurately process images. To avoid obstacles while running they hold their antennae rigidly and directly in front of them to mechanically sense their environment. There are many tiger beetles that hunt in flat, sandy areas, and their eyes have flat-world adaptations, such as high-acuity perception streaks corresponding to the horizon. A tiger beetle uses the elevation of its potential prey in its visual field to determine how far away it is. As visual hunters, tiger beetles tend to hunt in open, relatively flat habitats, such as sand bars, woodland paths, and barren ground scrubland. In this sense, beetles might be expected to use elevation as a distance cue in their visual pursuit of prey. A few species of ''Cicindela'' have been found to be able to hunt without use of their eyes and several are crepuscular. Several species have been found to be sensitive to ultrasound and also produce ultrasound in response to bats and are thought to be Batesian mimics, imitating the sounds of toxic moths that are avoided by bats.

Fossil record

The oldest fossil tiger beetle yet found, ''Cretotetracha grandis'', comes from the

Yixian Formation The Yixian Formation (; formerly Romanization of Chinese, transcribed as Yihsien Formation or Yixiang Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous. I ...

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

, China, and dates to the early

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

Period, 125 million years ago. Most fossils found are grey or yellow silty mudstone. Traits that identify ''Cretotetracha'' as Cicindelinae include long mandibles shaped like sickles, simple teeth arranged along the mandible's inner surface, antennae that attach to the head between the base of the mandibles and the eye. The left mandible is approximately 3.3 mm and the right mandible is approximately 4.2mm long. A long body form roughly around 8.1mm where the combined eyes and head are wider than the thorax, and long running legs. Previously known

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era is the Era (geology), era of Earth's Geologic time scale, geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period (geology), Periods. It is characterized by the dominance of archosaurian r ...

fossils of tiger beetles have been described from the

Crato Formation The Crato Formation is a geologic formation (stratigraphy), formation of Early Cretaceous (Aptian) age in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It is an important Lagerstätten, Lagerstätte (undisturbed fossil accumulation) for palaeontology, pa ...

, about 113 million years ago and '' Oxycheilopsis cretacicus'' from the

Santana Formation The Santana Group is a geologic group, formerly included as the middle part of the Araripe Group, in the Araripe Basin of northeastern Brazil. The group comprises the Crato, Ipubi and Romualdo Formations and is dated to the Aptian to Albian s ...

, 112 million years ago, both in Brazil.

Taxonomy

Tiger beetles had been treated either as a family Cicindelidae or as the subfamily Cicindelinae of the

Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it is one of the 10 most species-rich animal ...

(

ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it ...

s) but since 2020, there has been growing evidence for the treatment as a separate family, that is sister to the Carabidae. Many genera are the result of the splitting of the large genus ''

'', and many were described by the German entomologist

Walther Horn Walther Hermann Richard Horn (19 October 1871 – 10 July 1939) was a German physician and entomologist who specialised in beetles (Coleoptera), particularly the tiger beetles. He became the founding director of the German entomological institute ...

. Image:Manticorini sp.JPG, Museum specimen of '' Manticora'' sp. from

Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...

. Image:Salt Creek Tiger Beetle.jpg, The rare Salt Creek tiger beetle, ''Cicindela nevadica lincolniana'' Image:Cicindelid bangalore.jpg, '' Cicindela goryi'' from

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, showing the large eyes and mandibles File:Tiger beetle Lophyra sp..jpg, Most tiger beetles run on the ground living on sand and lake shores File:Cicindela chinensis flammifera MHNT.ZOO.2004.0.175.jpg, '' Cicindela chinensis'' File:20140817T132831 Lat 2 2 41.49049430 N Long 103 33 24.74152953 E.jpg, One specimen in Gunung Belumut Recreational Forest, Malaysia.

Genera

* '' Abroscelis''

Hope Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's own life, or the world at large. As a verb, Merriam-Webster defines ''hope'' as "to expect with confid ...

, 1838 * ''

'' Say, 1829 * '' Aniara'' Hope, 1838 * ''

Antennaria ''Antennaria'' is a genus of dioecious perennial plant, perennial herbaceous, herbs in the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with a few species (''A. chilensis'', ''A. linearifolia'', ''A. sleumeri'') in ...

'' Dokhtouroff, 1883 * '' Apteroessa'' Hope, 1838 * ''

Archidela ''Archidela'' is a genus in the beetle family Cicindelidae Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, '' Rivacindela hudsoni'', ...

'' Rivalier, 1963 * '' Bennigsenium'' W. Horn, 1897 * '' Brasiella'' Rivalier, 1954 * '' Caledonica'' Chaudoir, 1860 * ''

Caledonomorpha ''Caledonomorpha'' is a genus in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. The family Cicindelidae is sometimes treated as subfamily Cicindelinae within the ground beetle family Carabidae. Species These 10 species belong to the genus ''Caledonomorp ...

'' W. Horn, 1897 * '' Callidema'' Guerin-Meneville, 1843 * '' Callytron'' Gistl, 1848 * '' Calomera'' Motschulsky, 1862 * '' Calyptoglossa'' Jeannel, 1946 * '' Cenothyla'' Rivalier, 1969 * '' Cephalota'' Dokhtouroff, 1883 * '' Chaetodera'' Jeannel, 1946 * '' Cheilonycha'' Lacordaire, 1843 * ''

Cheiloxya ''Cheiloxya'' is a genus of beetles in the family Cicindelidae Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, '' Rivacindela hudson ...

'' Guerin-Meneville, 1855 * ''

'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Collyris'' Fabricius, 1801 * '' Cratohaerea'' Chaudoir, 1850 * '' Cretotetracha'' Zhao et al., 2019 * '' Ctenostoma'' Klug, 1821 * '' Cylindera'' Westwood, 1831 * '' Darlingtonica'' Cassola, 1986 * ''

Derocrania ''Derocrania'' is a genus of tiger beetles. There are about 16 described species in ''Derocrania'', found in India and Sri Lanka. Species These 16 species belong to the genus ''Derocrania'': * '' Derocrania agnes'' ( W.Horn, 1905) (Sri Lanka) ...

'' Chaudoir, 1860 * '' Diastrophella'' Rivalier, 1957 * '' Dilatotarsa'' Dokhtouroff, 1882 * '' Distipsidera'' Westwood, 1837 * ''

Dromica ''Dromica'' is a genus in the beetle family Cicindelidae. There are at least 190 described species in ''Dromica'', found in Africa. Species These 190 species belong to the genus ''Dromica'': * ''Dromica abruptesculpta'' W.Horn, 1914 * ''Drom ...

'' Dejean, 1826 * '' Dromicoida'' Werner, 1995 * '' Dromochorus'' Guerin-Meneville, 1845 * '' Ellipsoptera'' Dokhtouroff, 1883 * '' Enantiola'' Rivalier, 1961 * '' Eunota'' Rivalier, 1954 * ''

Euprosopus ''Euprosopus'' is a genus of tiger beetles. There are at least two described species in ''Euprosopus'', found in Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of ...

'' Dejean, 1825 * '' Euryarthron'' Guerin-Meneville, 1849 * '' Eurymorpha'' Hope, 1838 * '' Euzona'' Rivalier, 1963 * '' Grammognatha'' Motschulsky, 1850 * '' Grandopronotalia'' W. Horn, 1936 * '' Guineica'' Rivalier, 1963 * '' Habrodera'' Motschulsky, 1862 * '' Habroscelimorpha'' Dokhtouroff, 1883 * '' Heptodonta'' Hope, 1838 * '' Hypaetha'' Leconte, 1860 * '' Hujia'' * '' Iresia'' Dejean, 1831 * '' Jansenia'' Chaudoir, 1865 * ''

Jundlandia ''Jundlandia'' is a genus of flashy tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, '' Riva ...

'' (LeConte, 1854) * '' Langea'' W. Horn, 1901 * '' Leptognatha'' Rivalier, 1963 * ''

Lophyra ''Lophyra'' is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae capable of flight. They are found in Africa, Asia, and Europe Lophyra flexuosa.jpg, '' Lophyra flexuosa'' Lophyra namibica Werner & Wiesner, 1994 (3441900049).jpg, ''Lophyra nami ...

'' Motschulsky, 1859 * '' Macfarlandia'' Sumlin, 1981 * '' Manautea'' Deuve, 2006 * ''

Mantica ''Mantica horni'' is a species of beetle in the family Cicindelidae Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, '' Rivacindela h ...

'' Kolbe, 1896 * '' Manticora'' Fabricius, 1781 * ''

Megacephala ''Megacephala'' is a small genus of beetles in the family Cicindelidae restricted to Africa; it was formerly a much larger genus, but its constituent species (including all of the New World species) have been subsequently placed in other genera, ...

'' Latreille, 1802 * '' Megalomma'' Westwood, 1842 * '' Metriocheila''

Thomson Thomson may refer to: Names * Thomson (surname), a list of people with this name and a description of its origin * Thomson baronets, four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Thomson Businesses and organizations * SGS-Thomson M ...

, 1857 * '' Micromentignatha'' Sumlin, 1981 * '' Microthylax'' Rivalier, 1954 * ''

Myriochila ''Myriochila'' is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, containing the following species: * '' Myriochila akhteri'' Cassola & Wiesner, 2009 * '' Myriochila albomarginalis'' (W.Horn, 1900) * '' Myriochila atelesta'' (Chaudoir, 18 ...

'' Motschulsky, 1862 * '' Naviauxella'' Cassola, 1988 * '' Neochila'' Basilewsky, 1953 * '' Neocicindela'' Rivalier, 1963 * ''

Neocollyris ''Neocollyris'' is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae and tribe Collyridini, found in southern and South-East Asia. Species These 269 species are members of the genus ''Neocollyris'', according to ''Catalogue of Life'' and GBIF ...

'' W. Horn, 1901 * '' Neolaphyra'' Bedel, 1895 * '' Nickerlea'' W. Horn, 1899 * '' Notospira'' Rivalier, 1961 * '' Odontocheila'' Laporte, 1834 * ''

'' Eschscholtz, 1829 * '' Opilidia'' Rivalier, 1954 * '' Opisthencentrus'' W. Horn, 1893 * '' Orthocindela'' Rivalier, 1972 * '' Oxycheila'' Dejean, 1825 * †'' Oxycheilopsis'' Cassola & Werner, 2004 * '' Oxygonia'' Mannerheim, 1837 * '' Oxygoniola'' W. Horn, 1892 * '' Paraphysodeutera'' J. Moravec, 2002 * ''

Pentacomia ''Pentacomia'' is a genus in the beetle family Cicindelidae. There are more than 50 described species in ''Pentacomia'', found in Central and South America. Species These 53 species belong to the genus ''Pentacomia'': * ''Pentacomia argentina'' ...

'' Bates, 1872 * '' Peridexia'' Chaudoir, 1860 * '' Phaeoxantha'' Chaudoir, 1850 * '' Phyllodroma'' Lacordaire, 1843 * '' Physodeutera'' Lacordaire, 1843 * '' Picnochile'' Motschulsky, 1856 * '' Platychile'' Macleay, 1825 * '' Pogonostoma'' Klug, 1835 * '' Polyrhanis'' Rivalier, 1963 * '' Pometon'' Fleutiaux, 1899 * '' Prepusa'' Chaudoir, 1850 * '' Probstia'' Cassola, 2002 * '' Pronyssa'' Bates, 1874 * '' Pronyssiformia'' W. Horn, 1929 * '' Prothyma'' Hope, 1838 * '' Prothymidia'' Rivalier, 1957 * '' Protocollyris'' Mandl, 1975 * '' Pseudotetracha'' Fleutiaux, 1894 * ''

Pseudoxycheila ''Pseudoxycheila'' is a genus of beetles in the family Cicindelidae, containing the following species: * ''Pseudoxycheila andina'' Fabio Cassola, Cassola, 1997 * ''Pseudoxycheila angustata'' Chaudoir, 1865 * ''Pseudoxycheila atahualpa'' Cassol ...

'' Guerin-Meneville, 1839 * '' Rhysopleura'' Sloane, 1906 * '' Rhytidophaena'' Bates, 1891 * '' Rivacindela'' Nidek, 1973 * '' Ronhuberia'' J. Moravec & Kudrna, 2002 * '' Salpingophora'' Rivalier, 1950 * ''

Socotrana ''Socotrana labroturrita'' is a species of beetle in the family Cicindelidae Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, '' Riva ...

'' Cassola & Wranik, 1998 * '' Stenocosmia'' Rivalier, 1965 * '' Sumlinia'' Cassola & Werner, 2001 * ''

'' Hope, 1838 * '' Therates'' Latreille, 1816 * '' Thopeutica'' Schaum, 1861 * ''

Tricondyla ''Tricondyla'' is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae. There are more than 40 described species in ''Tricondyla'', found in South and Southeast Asia, and in Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region includ ...

'' Latreille, 1822 * '' Vata'' Fauvel, 1903 * '' Waltherhornia'' Olsoufieff, 1934 * '' Zecicindela'' Larochelle & Larivière, 2013

Citations

General and cited references

* "Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)" by Peter Schüle. ''Entomologia Africana'' 15(2), 2010. * ''The Tiger beetles of Africa'' by Karl Werner, Taita Publishers 2000. * "A Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera Cicindelidae), from 1758 to 2004, and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies" by D.L. Pearson and F. Cassola. ''The Coleopterists Bulletin'' Vol 59, no. 2, June 2005. * ''Tiger Beetles of Alberta: Killers on the Clay, Stalkers on the Sand'' by John Acorn. University of Alberta Press, 2001. * ''Tiger Beetles: The Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity of the Cicindelids'' by David L. Pearson and Alfried P. Vogler. Cornell University Press, 2001. * ''A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada'' by David L. Pearson, C. Barry Knisley and Charles J. Kazilek. Oxford University Press, 2005. * ''

The Beetles of the World ''The Beetles of the World'' is a series of books devoted to Coleopterology. Sciences Nat published the 24 first volumes; the following volumes and the supplements were published by Hillside Books, Canterbury. The first book authored by Jacques Ri ...

''
volume 13

, and 2

by Karl Werner,

Sciences Nat Sciences Nat was the academic publisher specialising in entomology of the Societé Sciences Nat. The society was established in 1971 and based in the rue de la Mare in Paris. Three years later it moved to the rue des Alouettes and later to Venet ...

, Venette, 1991, 1992, 1993 & 1995.

External links

Cicindela Online
* https://web.archive.org/web/20060831202838/http://homepage3.nifty.com/trechinae/cicinw.htm
Planet's Coolest Critters—Tiger Beetles

on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site * Moravec J. (2010)
Tiger Beetles of the Madagascan Region (Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes, and other islands) Taxonomic revision of the 17 genera occurring in the region (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
(430 pp.)
Siuslaw Hairy-Necked Tiger Beetle
—Video produced by ''

Oregon Field Guide ''Oregon Field Guide'' is a weekly television program produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting focusing on recreation, the outdoors, and environmental issues in the state of Oregon. The show has become part of the Oregon zeitgeist. Steve Amen is th ...

'' * Štrunc V. (2020)
Tiger Beetles of the World - Illustrated guide to the genera, 338 species
* Štrunc V. (2023)
Tiger Beetles of the Africa - Illustrated guide to the genera, 43 genera / 36 subgenera and 300 species
* Štrunc V. (2024)
Tiger Beetles of the Orient - Illustrated guide to the genera, 39 genera and 270 species
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger Beetle