Calamus (palm)

''Calamus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the palm family Arecaceae that is one of several genera known as rattan palms. There are an estimated 400 species in this genus, all native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Description

They are dioecious, mostly leaf-climbing lianas with slender, reedy stems. To aid scrambling some species have evolved hooks on the underside of the midrib, or more commonly by modified "pinnae" or tendrils in the form of stout, backward-pointing spines. These stems may grow to lengths of 200 metres.

The fruits of certain species, in particular '' Calamus draco'', produce a red resin known as "Dragon's blood".

Species

, ''Plants of the World Online'' recognises 415 species:

# '' Calamus acamptostachys'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus acanthochlamys'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus acanthophyllus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus acanthospathus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus acaulis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# ''Calamus adspersus'' Blume
# ''Calamus aidae'' Fernando
# ''Calamus albidus'' L.X.Guo & A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus altiscandens'' Burret
# ''Calamus andamanicus'' Kurz
# ''Calamus anomalus'' Burret
# ''Calamus applanatus'' (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus arborescens'' Griff.
# ''Calamus aruensis'' Becc.
# ''Calamus arugda'' Becc.
# '' Calamus ashtonii'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus asperrimus'' Blume
# '' Calamus asteracanthus'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus ater'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus australis'' Mart.
# '' Calamus axillaris'' Becc.
# '' Calamus bacularis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus badius'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus baiyerensis'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus balerensis'' Fernando
# ''Calamus balingensis'' Furtado
# '' Calamus banggiensis'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus bankae'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus baratangensis'' Renuka & Vijayak.
# '' Calamus barbatus'' Zipp. ex Blume
# '' Calamus barfodii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus barisanensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus batanensis'' (Becc.) Baja-Lapis
# '' Calamus beccarii'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus bicolor'' Becc.
# '' Calamus billitonensis'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# ''Calamus bimanifer'' T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus boniensis'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus bousigonii'' Pierre ex Becc.
# '' Calamus brandisii'' Becc.
# '' Calamus brevicaulis'' (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus brevissimus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus brunneus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus bulubabi'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus burckianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus burkillianus'' Becc. ex Ridl.
# '' Calamus caesius'' Blume
# '' Calamus calapparius'' Mart.
# ''Calamus calciphilus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus calicarpus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus calospathus'' (Ridl.) W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus capillosus'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus carsicola'' Adorador & Fernando
# ''Calamus caryotoides'' A.Cunn. ex Mart.
# ''Calamus castaneus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus caurinus'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus centralis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus ceratophorus'' Conrard
# '' Calamus cheirophyllus'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus ciliaris'' Blume
# '' Calamus cinereus'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus clivorum'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus cockburnii'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus compsostachys'' Burret
# ''Calamus comptus'' J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus concinnus'' Mart.
# '' Calamus concolor'' (Blume) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus confusus'' (Furtado) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus conirostris'' Becc.
# '' Calamus conjugatus'' Furtado
# ''Calamus conspectus'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus convallium'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus crassifolius'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus crinitus'' (Blume) Miq.
# '' Calamus cristatus'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus croftii'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus cumingianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus cuthbertsonii'' Becc.
# '' Calamus dasyacanthus'' W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. & Maturb.
# '' Calamus deerratus'' G.Mann & H.Wendl.
# '' Calamus delicatulus'' Thwaites
# '' Calamus densifloropsis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus densiflorus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus depauperatus'' Ridl.
# '' Calamus dianbaiensis'' C.F.Wei
# '' Calamus didymocarpus'' Warb. ex Becc.
# '' Calamus diepenhorstii'' Miq.
# '' Calamus digitatus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus dilaceratus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus dioicus'' Lour.
# ''Calamus discolor'' Mart.
# '' Calamus disjunctus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus distentus'' Burret
# ''Calamus divaricatus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus divergens'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus dongnaiensis'' Pierre ex Becc.
# ''Calamus dracunculus'' (Ridl.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus dumetosus'' (J.Dransf.) A.J.Hend. & Floda
# '' Calamus egregius'' Burret
# '' Calamus elegans'' Becc. ex Ridl.
# ''Calamus erectus'' Roxb.
# '' Calamus erinaceus'' (Becc.) Becc.
# ''Calamus erioacanthus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus erythrocarpus'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus essigii'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus eugenei'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus evansii'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus exiguus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus exilis'' Griff.
# '' Calamus fertilis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus filipendulus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus filispadix'' Becc.
# '' Calamus fissilis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus flabellatus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus flagellum'' Griff. ex Walp.
# '' Calamus floribundus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus formicarius'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus formosanus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus furvus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus gaharuensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus gajoensis'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus gamblei'' Becc.
# '' Calamus geniculatus'' Griff.
# ''Calamus gibbsianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus glaucescens'' (Blume) D.Dietr.
# ''Calamus godefroyi'' Becc.
# '' Calamus gonospermus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus goramensis'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus gracilipes'' Miq.
# '' Calamus gracilis'' Roxb.
# '' Calamus griseus'' J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus guruba'' Buch.-Ham. ex Mart.
# '' Calamus hallierianus'' (Becc. ex K.Heyne) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus harmandii'' Pierre ex Becc.
# '' Calamus heatubunii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus helferianus'' Kurz
# '' Calamus henryanus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus heteracanthopsis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus heteracanthus'' Zipp. ex Blume
# '' Calamus heteroideus'' Blume
# '' Calamus hirsutus'' (Blume) Miq.
# '' Calamus holttumii'' Furtado
# ''Calamus hookerianus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus horrens'' Blume
# '' Calamus hosensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus hukaungensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus impressus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus inermis'' T.Anderson
# '' Calamus ingens'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus inops'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus insignis'' Griff.
# '' Calamus insolitus'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus insularis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus interruptus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus jacobsii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus javensis'' Blume
# '' Calamus johanis'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus johndransfieldii'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus johnsii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus kampucheaensis'' A.J.Hend. & Hourt
# '' Calamus kandariensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus karuensis'' Ridl.
# '' Calamus katikii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus kebariensis'' Maturb., J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus kinabaluensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus kingianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus kjellbergii'' Furtado
# ''Calamus klossii'' Ridl.
# '' Calamus kontumensis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus koordersianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus kostermansii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus kubahensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus kunstleri'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus lakshmanae'' Renuka
# '' Calamus lambirensis'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus lamprolepis'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus laoensis'' T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus lateralis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# ''Calamus latifolius'' Roxb.
# '' Calamus latus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus lauterbachii'' Becc.
# '' Calamus laxissimus'' Ridl.
# '' Calamus leiocaulis'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus leloi'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus lengguanii'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus leptopus'' Griff.
# ''Calamus leptospadix'' Griff.
# '' Calamus leptostachys'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus lobatus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus lobbianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus loherianus'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus longibracteatus'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus longipes'' Griff.
# '' Calamus longipinna'' K.Schum. & Lauterb.
# '' Calamus longisetus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus longispatha'' Ridl.
# '' Calamus longiusculus'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus lucysmithiae'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus macrochlamys'' Becc.
# '' Calamus macropterus'' Miq.
# '' Calamus macrorhynchus'' Burret
# '' Calamus macrosphaerion'' Becc.
# '' Calamus maculatus'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus mahanandensis'' S.Mondal, S.K.Basu & M.Chowdhury
# '' Calamus maiadum'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus malawaliensis'' J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus manan'' Miq.
# '' Calamus manglaensis'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus manillensis'' (Mart.) H.Wendl.
# '' Calamus marginatus'' (Blume) Mart. ex Walp.
# ''Calamus maturbongsii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus megaphyllus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus meghalayensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus melanacanthos'' Mart.
# ''Calamus melanochaetes'' (Blume) Miq.
# ''Calamus melanochrous'' Burret
# '' Calamus melanoloma'' Mart.
# '' Calamus melanorhynchus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus metzianus'' Schltdl.
# '' Calamus micracanthus'' Griff.
# '' Calamus micranthus'' Blume
# '' Calamus microsphaerion'' Becc.
# '' Calamus minahassae'' Warb. ex Becc.
# '' Calamus minor'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus minutus'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus mirabilis'' Mart.
# '' Calamus mitis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus modestus'' T.Evans & T.P.Anh
# ''Calamus mogeae'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus mollispinus'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus moorei'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus moorhousei'' Furtado
# '' Calamus moseleyanus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus moszkowskianus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus moti'' F.M.Bailey
# '' Calamus muelleri'' H.Wendl.
# '' Calamus multispicatus'' Burret
# '' Calamus muricatus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus myriacanthus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus myrianthus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus nagbettai'' R.R.Fernandez & Dey
# '' Calamus nambariensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus nanduensis'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus nannostachys'' Burret
# ''Calamus nanodendron'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus nematospadix'' Becc.
# '' Calamus nicobaricus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus nielsenii'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus nitidus'' Mart.
# '' Calamus notabilis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus novae-georgii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus nudus'' W.J.Baker & S.Venter
# '' Calamus nuichuaensis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus nuralievii'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus obiensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus oblatus'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus oblongus'' Reinw. ex Blume
# '' Calamus occidentalis'' Witono & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus ochrolepis'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus ocreatus'' (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus oligostachys'' T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus optimus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus oresbiopsis'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus oresbius'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus ornatus'' Blume
# '' Calamus ovoideus'' Thwaites ex Trimen
# ''Calamus oxleyanus'' Teijsm. & Binn. ex Miq.
# '' Calamus oxleyoides'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus oxycarpus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus oxycoccus'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus pachystemonus'' Thwaites
# '' Calamus padangensis'' Furtado
# '' Calamus pahangensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus pandanosmus'' Furtado
# '' Calamus papuanus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus parutan'' Fernando
# '' Calamus parvulus'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus paspalanthus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus paulii'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus pedicellaris'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus pedicellatus'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus penicillatus'' Roxb.
# '' Calamus perakensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus peregrinus'' Furtado
# '' Calamus periacanthus'' (Miq.) Miq.
# '' Calamus pertenuis'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus pholidostachys'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus pilosellus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus pilosissimus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus platyspathus'' Mart. ex Kunth
# '' Calamus plicatus'' Blume
# '' Calamus poensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus pogonacanthus'' Becc. ex H.J.P.Winkl.
# ''Calamus pogonotium'' W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus poilanei'' Conrard
# '' Calamus politus'' (Fernando) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus polycladus'' Burret
# '' Calamus posoanus'' Rustiami
# '' Calamus powlingii'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus praetermissus'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus propinquus'' (Becc.) A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus pseudoconcolor'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus pseudomollis'' Becc.
# ''Calamus pseudotenuis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus pseudozebrinus'' Burret
# '' Calamus psilocladus'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus pycnocarpus'' (Furtado) J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus pygmaeus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus quangngaiensis'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# ''Calamus radiatus'' Thwaites
# '' Calamus radicalis'' H.Wendl. & Drude
# '' Calamus radulosus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus reinwardtii'' Mart.
# '' Calamus reticulatus'' Burret
# '' Calamus retroflexus'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus rhabdocladus'' Burret
# '' Calamus rheedei'' Griff.
# '' Calamus rhomboideus'' Blume
# '' Calamus rhytidomus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus ridleyanus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus robinsonianus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus rotang'' L.
# '' Calamus ruber'' Reinw. ex Mart.
# '' Calamus rudentum'' Lour.
# ''Calamus rugosus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus rumphii'' Blume
# '' Calamus ruptilis'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus ruptiloides'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus ruvidus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus sabalensis'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus salicifolius'' Becc.
# '' Calamus saltuensis'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus samian'' Becc.
# '' Calamus sandsii'' Rustiami
# '' Calamus sarawakensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus sashae'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus scabridulus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus scabrispathus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus scapiger'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus schistoacanthus'' Blume
# '' Calamus schlechteri'' (Burret) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus schlechterianus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus scipionum'' Lour.
# ''Calamus scleracanthus'' Becc. ex K.Heyne
# '' Calamus sedens'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus senalingensis'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus septimus'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus seriatus'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus seropakensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus serpentinus'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus serrulatus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus sessiliflorus'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus simplex'' Becc.
# '' Calamus siphonospathus'' Mart. ex Walp.
# '' Calamus smitinandii'' (J.Dransf.) A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus sordidus'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus spanostachys'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus sparsiflorus'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus spectatissimus'' Furtado
# '' Calamus spiculifer'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus spinosus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus spinulinervis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus spiralis'' A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus suaveolens'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus subangulatus'' Miq.
# '' Calamus subsolanus'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus sulawesiensis'' A.J.Hend.
# ''Calamus sumatranus'' (Becc.) A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus superciliatus'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# ''Calamus susukensis'' A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
# '' Calamus symphysipus'' Mart. ex Walp.
# '' Calamus tadulakoensis'' A.J.Hend., Moh.Iqbal, Rusydi & Pitopang
# '' Calamus tambingensis'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# ''Calamus tapanensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus temii'' T.Evans
# '' Calamus tenompokensis'' Furtado
# '' Calamus tenuis'' Roxb.
# ''Calamus tetradactyloides'' Burret
# '' Calamus tetradactylus'' Hance
# ''Calamus thwaitesii'' Becc.
# '' Calamus thysanolepis'' Hance
# '' Calamus timorensis'' Becc.
# '' Calamus trachycoleus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus trigynus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus tumidus'' Furtado
# '' Calamus unifarius'' H.Wendl.
# '' Calamus unijugus'' (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus ursinus'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus usitatus'' Blanco
# '' Calamus validus'' W.J.Baker
# '' Calamus vattayila'' Renuka
# '' Calamus velutinus'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus verticillaris'' Griff.
# '' Calamus vestitus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus vidalianus'' Becc.
# ''Calamus viminalis'' Willd.
# '' Calamus vinaceus'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus vinosus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus viridis'' A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
# '' Calamus vitiensis'' Warb. ex Becc.
# '' Calamus walkeri'' Hance
# '' Calamus wanggaii'' W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus warayanus'' Adorador & Fernando
# '' Calamus warburgii'' K.Schum.
# '' Calamus wedaensis'' A.J.Hend.
# '' Calamus whitmorei'' J.Dransf.
# '' Calamus wightii'' Griff.
# '' Calamus womersleyi'' J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
# ''Calamus wuliangshanensis'' San Y.Chen, K.L.Wang & S.J.Pei
# '' Calamus yentuensis'' A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
# '' Calamus zebrinus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus zeylanicus'' Becc.
# '' Calamus zieckii'' Fernando
# ''Calamus zollingeri'' Becc.
# '' Calamus zonatus'' Becc.

Uses

The stems may be harvested for their cores, which are used for everything from canes to furniture.

References

Bibliography

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External links

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{{Authority control

Arecaceae genera
Dioecious plants