Bandar Abbas

Bandar Abbas (, ) is a city in the Central District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. Bandar Abbas is a port on the southern coast of the country, on the Persian Gulf.

The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz (just across from Musandam Governorate, Oman). It is the location of the main base and headquarters of the Iranian Navy.

Etymology

Bandar Abbas has always been a port, and as such its various names have all reflected this function. The most common name over time was Gameroon, with various spellings. In Henry Yule's dictionary of Anglo-Indian jargon two etymologies are given; the first derived from ''gümrük'', "customhouse" (from Late Greek ''kommerkion'', from Latin ''commercium'', "commerce"). The second, which Yule found much more convincing, comes from Persian ''kamrūn'', "shrimp" (in Portuguese: ''camarão'', similar to the former Portuguese name). Its current name derives from that of Abbas the Great () paired with ''bandar'' – "port", meaning "Port of Abbas".

History

Pre-Islamic history

The earliest record of Bandar Abbas is during the reign of Darius the Great, the King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (between 522 and 486 BC). Darius's commander, Silacus, embarked from Bandar Abbas to India and the Red Sea.

During Alexander III of Macedon's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, Bandar Abbas was known under the name of Hormirzad.

Portuguese period

By the 16th century, Bandar Abbas was known as Gamrūn to the Persians. In 1565, a European navigator called it Bamdel Gombruc (that is, ''Bandar Gümrük'', or "Customhouse Port"), citing this as the Persian and Turkish name. Bandar Abbas was conquered by the Portuguese in 1514, and was an important location to protect their commerce in the Persian Gulf and India. They named the city Comorão, due to the presence of lobsters and crabs on its shores. In 1614, Comorão was taken by Shah Abbas the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e Abbas ("Port of Abbas"). Backed by the English Navy, Abbas developed the city (known to the English-speaking world as Gombraun) into a major port. By 1622, the Portuguese and English names had been officially combined to form Combrù or Combu, although the inhabitants still called it Bandar-e Abbas. Sir Thomas Herbert said the official English name was Gumbrown, but pronounced ŏmrōōn He wrote in 1630 that "some (but I commend them not) write it Gamrou, others Gomrow, and othersome Cummeroon." By the 1670s, the city was known as Gameroon.

In 1622, Shah Abbas defeated Portuguese troops with the help of English troops and the Iranian commander Imam Quli Khan. In honour of this victory Gumbroon was renamed Bandar Abbas Port. In the current division of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province and one of the most important strategic and commercial centre is in the vicinity of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.

Dutch and English period

In 1625, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet attacked the Portuguese at Bandar Abbas and took control of the trade posts. Soon, the Dutch East India Company outcompeted its English counterpart and eventually, from 1654 onwards, was in complete control of the local spice and silk trade, due to multiple English ships being taken, and the Action of 29 January 1654. The Dutch remained in complete control until 1765.

Omani period

Between 1794 and 1868, Bandar Abbas was under the control of the Sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar through a lease agreement with Persia. The details of the original lease apparently differed between the Arabic and Persian versions. The Omanis controlled the coastal stretch of some 100 miles from Sadij to Khamir, and inland about 30 miles, as far as Shamil. They also controlled the islands of Hormuz and Qeshm. In 1823, the Persians attempted to oust the Omanis, but the sultan managed to keep his hold on Bandar through bribery and tribute of the governor of Shiraz. In 1845–1846, an army under the governor-general of Fars menaced Bandar to extort tribute, while another army under the governor of Kerman besieged Minab. The Omanis threatened to blockade Persia, but the British resident at Bushir convinced them to back down.Lawrence G. Potter, "The Consolidation of Iran's Frontier on the Persian Gulf in the Nineteenth Century", in Roxane Farmanfarmaian (ed.), ''War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present'' (Routledge: 2008), pp. 125–48.

The Persians recovered the city in 1854, while the sultan was in Zanzibar. Under British pressure following the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, Persia renewed Oman's lease on favourable terms. It was clarified that the leased territory belonged to the province of Fars and that the Persian flag would fly over Bandar Abbas. The rental rate was also increased. Under British pressure the agreement was renewed in 1868, but at a higher rate of rent and for a shorter duration. Two months after its renewal, the lease was cancelled by the Persian government, citing a clause which permitted its termination if the sultan of Oman were overthrown.

Contemporary history

An earthquake in July 1902 damaged parts of the city, including the governor's house and the customs office, and nearby Qeshm Island.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi paid particular attention to Bandar Abbas as a strategic port, and during his time the government invested huge amounts of capital in its infrastructure. Before initial plans to develop it as a major harbour, Bandar Abbas was a small fishing port with approximately 17,000 residents in 1955. By 2001, it had grown into a major city. It has a population of 450,000 (2011 estimate).

Bandar Abbas serves as a major shipping point, mostly for imports, and has a long history of trade with India, particularly the port of Surat.

On 27 April, 2025, a powerful explosion at Iran's biggest port of Bandar Abbas occurred. The death toll was reported to be at least 28, with more than 700 people injured.

On 21 June, 2025 during the Iran-Israel War the Israeli air force conducted airstrikes on the port aiming at drone storage sites and a weapons facility.

Naval base and headquarters

In 1977, the bulk of the fleet of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy was shifted from Khorramshahr to its new headquarters, naval base, and naval airbase at Bandar Abbas.

Demographics

Language

Original Bandaris (residents of Bandar Abbas) speak Bandari (بندری), a variety of Persian similar to neighbouring Achomi and Dialects of Fars, and distinct from New Persian. Bandari has loanwords from various European languages (e.g. ''tawāl'', "towel"), Persian and Balochi.

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 367,508 in 89,404 households. The following census in 2011 counted 435,751 people in 118,336 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city to be 526,648 people in 152,682 households.

Immigration

The city of Bandar Abbas has hosted all Iranian ethnic groups. Most immigrants living in Bandar Abbas entered the city with the intention of taking up a job opportunity individually, but with the passage of time moved their families to Bandar Abbas. Iranians from the regions of Azarbayejan, Kurdistan, Luristan, Baluchistan, Kerman, Yazd, Isfahan, Fars, Gilan and Mazanadaran contribute to economy of the city.

Geography

Location

Bandar Abbas is situated on flat ground with an average altitude of above sea level. The nearest elevated areas are Mt. Geno, to the north, and Mt. Pooladi, to the northwest of the city. The closest river to Bandar Abbas is the River Shoor, which rises on Mt. Geno and occasionally flows into the Persian Gulf, east of the city. South of the city is the island of Qeshm.

Climate

Bandar Abbas has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''). Maximum temperature in summers can reach while in winters the minimum temperature may drop to . The annual rainfall is around and the average relative humidity is 65%.

In the summer, Bandar Abbas sees some of the highest average dew points of any city in the world, averaging and frequently exceeding . As a result, heat indices generally top for most days during the summer. This high average humidity causes summer diurnal ranges to be lower than in most desert climates, and is a result of onshore flow from the warm waters of the Persian Gulf.

Sister cities

*Busan, South Korea.

Economy

Minerals such as yellowcake uranium from the Gchine (Gachin) mine in Bandar Abbas is extracted by around 20 tonnes per year. Bandar Abbas is the site of a Chinese-built cruise missile production facility for the manufacture and upgrade of Silkworm ( CSS-N-2) cruise missiles.

Bandar Abbas produces and exports transit goods, dates, citrus, tobacco, and fishery such as canned tuna. The city was formerly famous for its export of Iranian pottery, and was known in the west as "goombroon". "Goombroon ware" was the original porcelain imported to England from Goombroon in the early 20th century. It was later replaced by china ware imported from China. Kaolin was the mineral from which the porcelain was made.

Transportation

Air

Bandar Abbas International Airport has capacity and facilities for handling large transport airplanes.

Roads

Bandar Abbas is accessible via the following highways:

* Bandar Abbas-Shiraz, to the northwest.

* Bandar Abbas-Sirjan, to the north.
*Bandar Abbas-Kerman, to the north.
*Bandar Abbas-Zahedan, to the east.

Rail

Since 1993, Bandar Abbas has been the southern terminus of Islamic Republic of Iran Railways' main North–South corridor that links it to Yazd, Qom, Tehran and Qazvin to the north.

Education

Universities

* Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences
* University of Hormozgan
* Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas
* Payame Noor University of Bandar Abbas
* Amir Kabir university of technology, Bandar Abbas Branch
* University of Applied Science and Technology, Bandar Abbas Branch

Sports

Aluminium Hormozgan is Bandar Abbas's main football team. The team was founded in 2006. In 2012 they were promoted to the Iran Pro League but after their first season there they were relegated back to the Azadegan League where they currently play. Bander Abbas also has a second less supported team, Shahrdari Bandar Abbas, which was founded in 2005 and is the municipality's team.

See also

* 2005 Qeshm earthquake
* Bastak
* Bushehr
* Iran Air Flight 655
* ISOICO
* IRIS ''Bandar Abbas''

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

*

Bandar Abbas on Iran Chamber Society (www.iranchamber.com)

{{Authority control

Populated places in Bandar Abbas County
Cities in Hormozgan province