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December 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. * 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. * 1577 ...
of this year is the beginning of signed
32-bit In computer architecture, 32-bit computing refers to computer systems with a processor, memory, and other major system components that operate on data in a maximum of 32- bit units. Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform la ...
Unix time Unix time is a date and time representation widely used in computing. It measures time by the number of non-leap seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time, UTC on 1 January 1970, the Unix Epoch (computing), epoc ...
, and is scheduled to end in January 19, 2038.


Summary


Political and military

1901 started with the
unification Unification or unification theory may refer to: Computer science * Unification (computer science), the act of identifying two terms with a suitable substitution * Unification (graph theory), the computation of the most general graph that subs ...
of multiple
British colonies A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire. There was usually a governor to represent the Crown, appointed by the British monarch on ...
in Australia on January 1 to form the
Commonwealth of Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It has a total area of , making it the sixth-largest country in ...
after a
referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...
in
1900 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 15 ...
, Subsequently, the 1901 Australian election would see the first
Australian prime minister The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister is the chair of the Cabinet of Australia and thus the head of the federal executive government. Under the principles of responsibl ...
,
Edmund Barton Sir Edmund "Toby" Barton (18 January 18497 January 1920) was an Australian politician, barrister and jurist who served as the first prime minister of Australia from 1901 to 1903. He held office as the leader of the Protectionist Party, before ...
. On the same day, Nigeria became a
British protectorate British protectorates were protectorates under the jurisdiction of the British government. Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty, acknowledging their status wh ...
. Following this, the
Victorian Era In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used. The era followed the ...
would come to a end after
Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...
died on January 22 after a reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was longer than those of any of her predecessors, Her son,
Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until Death and state funeral of Edward VII, his death in 1910. The second child ...
, succeeded her to the throne.


Events


January

*
January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...
** The
British colonies A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire. There was usually a governor to represent the Crown, appointed by the British monarch on ...
of
New South Wales New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...
,
Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...
,
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a States and territories of Australia, state in the southern central part of Australia. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, which in ...
,
Tasmania Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...
,
Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Queen Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India * Victoria (state), a state of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a provincial capital * Victoria, Seychelles, the capi ...
and
Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...
federate as the
Commonwealth of Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It has a total area of , making it the sixth-largest country in ...
;
Edmund Barton Sir Edmund "Toby" Barton (18 January 18497 January 1920) was an Australian politician, barrister and jurist who served as the first prime minister of Australia from 1901 to 1903. He held office as the leader of the Protectionist Party, before ...
becomes the first
Prime Minister of Australia The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister is the chair of the Cabinet of Australia and thus the head of the Australian Government, federal executive government. Under the pr ...
. **
Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...
becomes a British protectorate. *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...
Lord Kitchener reports that
Christiaan de Wet Christiaan Rudolf de Wet (7 October 1854 – 3 February 1922) was a Boer general, rebel leader and politician. Life Born on the Leeuwkop farm, in the district of Smithfield in the Boer Republic of the Orange Free State, he later resided at ...
has shot one of the "peace" envoys, and flogged two more, who had gone to his commando to ask the Burgher citizens of South Africa to halt fighting. *
January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...
Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...
of the United Kingdom dies at
Osborne House Osborne House is a former royal residence in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. The house was built between 1845 and 1851 for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a summer home and rural retreat. Albert designed the house in the style ...
on the
Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (Help:IPA/English, /waɪt/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''WYTE'') is an island off the south coast of England which, together with its surrounding uninhabited islets and Skerry, skerries, is also a ceremonial county. T ...
. She is 81 years old and, having ruled for nearly 64 years, will be the second longest-reigning monarch in
British history The history of the British Isles began with its sporadic human habitation during the Palaeolithic from around 900,000 years ago. The British Isles has been continually occupied since the early Holocene, the current geological epoch, which star ...
. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, "Bertie", the longest-serving
Prince of Wales Prince of Wales (, ; ) is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the History of the English monarchy, English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd who, from ...
to this time, succeeds his mother at the age of 59, reigning as
King Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and ...
, of the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
and in innovation the
British Dominions A dominion was any of several largely self-governance, self-governing countries of the British Empire, once known collectively as the ''British Commonwealth of Nations''. Progressing from colonies, their degrees of self-governing colony, colon ...
and also becoming
Emperor of India Emperor (or Empress) of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948 Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with thIndian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH ...
. *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on th ...
Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...
's play '' Three Sisters'' (Три сeстры, ''Tri sestry'') is premiered at the
Moscow Art Theatre The Moscow Art Theatre (or MAT; , ''Moskovskiy Hudojestvenny Akademicheskiy Teatr'' (МHАТ) was a theatre company in Moscow. It was founded in by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright ...
.


February

*
February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...
– The
State funeral of Queen Victoria Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India, died on 22 January 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, at the age of 81. At the time of her death, she was the longest-reigning monarch in Briti ...
, held at
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle St George's Chapel, formally titled The King's Free Chapel of the College of St George, Windsor Castle, at Windsor Castle in England is a castle chapel built in the late-medieval Perpendicular Gothic style. It is a Royal peculiar, Royal Peculia ...
, UK, is attended by many European royals, including
Kaiser Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty ...
and
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassination in Sarajevo was the ...
. *
February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...
Viceroy of India The governor-general of India (1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the viceroy and governor-general of India, commonly shortened to viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in their capacity as the Emperor of ...
Lord Curzon George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), known as Lord Curzon (), was a British statesman, Conservative Party (UK), Conservative politician, explorer and writer who served as Viceroy of India ...
creates the new
North-West Frontier Province The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; ) was a province of British India from 1901 to 1947, of the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955, and of the Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1970 to 2010. It was established on 9 November ...
in the north of the
Punjab region Punjab (; ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb) is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern Pakistan and no ...
, bordering
Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
. *
February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...
Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until Death and state funeral of Edward VII, his death in 1910. The second child ...
opens his first
parliament of the United Kingdom The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace ...
. *
February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...
– The
Hawaii Territory The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory ( Hawaiian: ''Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi'') was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding ...
Legislature convenes for the first time. *
February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...
– The
Pacific Mail Steamship Company The Pacific Mail Steamship Company was founded April 18, 1848, as a joint stock company under the laws of the State of New York by a group of New York City merchants. Incorporators included William H. Aspinwall, Edwin Bartlett (American consul ...
's sinks entering
San Francisco Bay San Francisco Bay (Chochenyo language, Chochenyo: 'ommu) is a large tidal estuary in the United States, U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the cities of San Francisco, California, San ...
, killing 128. *
February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...
– The
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
and
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
agree on the frontier between
German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; ) was a German colonial empire, German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Portugu ...
and
Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. After ...
. *
February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...
U.S. Steel The United States Steel Corporation is an American steel company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It maintains production facilities at several additional locations in the U.S. and Central Europe. The company produces and sells steel products, ...
is incorporated by industrialist
J. P. Morgan John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. As the head of the banking firm that ...
, as the first billion-dollar corporation. *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...
** Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu,
Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...
leaders, are executed in
Peking Beijing, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's most populous national capital city as well as China's second largest city by urban area after Shanghai. It is l ...
. ** The
Middelburg Middelburg may refer to: Places and jurisdictions Europe * Middelburg, Zeeland, the capital city of the province of Zeeland, southwestern Netherlands ** Roman Catholic Diocese of Middelburg, a former Catholic diocese with its see in the Zeeland ...
peace conference fails in South Africa, as
Boers Boers ( ; ; ) are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled the Dutch ...
continue to demand autonomy. *
February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...
– The Sultan of
Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
orders 50,000 troops to the
Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...
n frontier because of unrest in
Macedonia Macedonia (, , , ), most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a former administr ...
.


March

*
March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocleti ...
** The
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
and
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
protest the
Sino Sino as a prefix generally refers to: * China * Greater China * Chinese people * Two Chinas * Culture of China * History of China The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part ...
-
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
n agreement on
Manchuria Manchuria is a historical region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China and parts of the modern-day Russian Far East south of the Uda (Khabarovsk Krai), Uda River and the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy Ranges. The exact ...
. ** The 1901
Census of India The decennial census of India has been conducted 15 times, as of 2011. While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1872. Post 1949, it has been conducted by the R ...
is taken, the fourth, and first reliable,
census A census (from Latin ''censere'', 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given Statistical population, population, usually displayed in the form of stati ...
of the
British Raj The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent, * * lasting from 1858 to 1947. * * It is also called Crown rule ...
. *
March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...
– The
United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...
passes the
Platt Amendment The Platt Amendment was a piece of United States legislation enacted as part of the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 that defined the relationship between the United States and Cuba following the Spanish–American War.Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops. *
March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Easte ...
Irish nationalist Irish nationalism is a nationalist political movement which, in its broadest sense, asserts that the people of Ireland should govern Ireland as a sovereign state. Since the mid-19th century, Irish nationalism has largely taken the form of cult ...
demonstrators are ejected by police from the
House of Commons of the United Kingdom The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 memb ...
in London. *
March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. * 1204 &ndas ...
– In
Bremen Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (, ), is the capital of the States of Germany, German state of the Bremen (state), Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (), a two-city-state consisting of the c ...
, an assassination attempt is made on
Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty ...
. *
March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...
– The first large-scale showing of
Van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created approximately 2,100 artwork ...
's paintings takes place in Paris, as 71 are shown at the
Bernheim-Jeune Bernheim-Jeune gallery is one of the oldest art galleries in Paris. Opened on Rue Laffitte in 1863 by Alexandre Bernheim (1839-1915), friend of Delacroix, Corot and Courbet, it changed location a few times before settling on Avenue Matignon. ...
gallery, 11 years after his death. *
March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...
** A 7.2 Black Sea earthquake occurs off the northeast coast of Bulgaria, with a maximum intensity of X (''Extreme''). A destructive tsunami affects the province of Dobrich. ** The
United Kingdom Census 1901 The United Kingdom Census 1901 was the 11th nationwide census conducted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and was done on 31 March 1901 "relating to the persons returned as living at midnight on Sunday, March 31st". The total pop ...
is taken. The number of people employed in manufacturing is at its highest-ever level.


April

*
April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...
– The
First Philippine Republic The Philippine Republic (), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was a state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish ...
is formally dissolved, after president
Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who became the first List of presidents of the Philippines, president of the Philippines (1899–1901), and the first pre ...
calls all Filipino forces to lay down arms and cease hostilities. *
April 29 Events Pre-1600 * 801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. * 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Kom ...
Anti-Semitic Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
rioting breaks out in
Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
.


May

*
May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...
– The
Caste War of Yucatán The Caste War of Yucatán or ''ba'atabil kichkelem Yúum'' (1847–1915) began with the revolt of Indigenous peoples of Mexico, indigenous Maya peoples, Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula against Hispanic populations, called ''Yucatecos''. Th ...
in Mexico officially ends, although
Maya Maya may refer to: Ethnic groups * Maya peoples, of southern Mexico and northern Central America ** Maya civilization, the historical civilization of the Maya peoples ** Mayan languages, the languages of the Maya peoples * Maya (East Africa), a p ...
n skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade. *
May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. * 1386 – England and Portugal formall ...
– The first
Australian Parliament The Parliament of Australia (officially the Parliament of the Commonwealth and also known as the Federal Parliament) is the federal legislature of Australia. It consists of three elements: the Monarchy of Australia, monarch of Australia (repr ...
opens in
Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
. *
May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...
Panic of 1901: The
New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is the List of stock exchanges, largest stock excha ...
crashes. *
May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus ...
– 81 miners are killed in an accident at Universal Colliery,
Senghenydd Senghenydd (, ) is a former mining village in the community of Aber Valley in South Wales, approximately four miles northwest of the town of Caerphilly. Historically within the county of Glamorgan, it is now situated in the county borough of Cae ...
in
South Wales South Wales ( ) is a Regions of Wales, loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north. Generally considered to include the Historic counties of Wales, historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire ( ...
. *
May 25 Events Pre-1600 * 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans. * 240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes ...
– The
Club Atlético River Plate Club Atlético River Plate is an Argentine professional sports club based in the Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Belgrano neighborhood of Buenos Aires. Founded in 1901, the club is named after the English name for the city's estuary, Río de la Plata. ...
is founded in
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
. *
May 28 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...
D'Arcy Concession:
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907) was the fifth Qajar shah of Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with the creation of the Persian Constitution of 1906, which he approved of in ...
of Persia grants British businessman
William Knox D'Arcy William Knox D'Arcy (11 October 18491 May 1917) was a British-Australian businessman who was one of the principal founders of the Energy in Iran, oil and petrochemical industry in Persia (Iran). The D’Arcy Concession was signed in 1901 and all ...
a concession giving him an exclusive right to prospect for oil.


June

*
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...
Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
becomes a United States
protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over ...
. *
June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...
– is the first
Cunard Line The Cunard Line ( ) is a British shipping and an international cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. Since 2011, Cunard and its four ships have been r ...
ship to receive a wireless radio set. *
June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860), Byzantine� ...
– British peace campaigner
Emily Hobhouse Emily Hobhouse (9 April 1860 – 8 June 1926) was a British welfare campaigner, anti-war activist, and pacifist. She is primarily remembered for bringing to the attention of the British public, and working to change, the deprived conditions i ...
reports on the high mortality and cruel conditions in the
Second Boer War concentration camps During the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), the British operated concentration camps in the South African Republic, Orange Free State, the Colony of Natal, and the Cape Colony. In February 1900, Lord Kitchener took command of the British ...
. *
June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...
** The first showing of
Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...
's paintings in Paris as the 19-year-old Spanish artist exhibits his work at
Ambroise Vollard Ambroise Vollard (; 3 July 1866 – 21 July 1939) was a French art dealer who is regarded as one of the most important dealers in French contemporary art at the beginning of the twentieth century. He is credited with being a major supporter an ...
's gallery. ** English Association Football Club
Brighton & Hove Albion Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club, commonly referred to as Brighton, is a professional football club based in Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. Their home gr ...
is formed by John Jackson to replace the amateur Brighton and Hove Rangers, following a meeting at the Seven Stars Hotel on Ship Street,
Brighton Brighton ( ) is a seaside resort in the city status in the United Kingdom, city of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England, south of London. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age Britain, Bronze Age, R ...
.


July–August

* July 1 – The first
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
Fingerprint Bureau is established at Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters in London, by Edward Henry. * July 4 ** The 1,282 foot (390 m) covered bridge crossing the Saint John River (Bay of Fundy), Saint John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world. ** William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines. * July 10 – The world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus in regular service operates on the Biela Valley Trolleybus route at Königstein, Saxony, Königstein, Germany. * August 5 – Peter O'Connor (athlete), Peter O'Connor sets the first International Association of Athletics Federations recognised long jump athletics world record, world record, of 24 ft 11¾ ins (7.61m). The record will stand for 20 years. * August 6 – Discovery Expedition, ''Discovery'' Expedition: Robert Falcon Scott sets sail from Britain on the RRS Discovery, RRS ''Discovery'' to explore the Ross Sea in Antarctica. * August 14 – The first claimed Aviation, powered flight is made, by German-born American aviator Gustave Whitehead, in his ''Whitehead No. 21, Number 21'', in Connecticut. * August 21 – The International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres is founded in Copenhagen. * August 30 – Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner, in the United Kingdom.


September

* September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago. * September 6 – William McKinley assassination: American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies 8 days later. * September 7 – The
Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...
in Qing dynasty China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol. * September 14 – Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th president of the United States, upon President William McKinley's death. * September 28 – Philippine–American War: Balangiga massacre: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty United States soldiers in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga.


October

* October 2 – The British Royal Navy's first submarine, ''Holland 1'', is launched at Barrow-in-Furness. * October 4 – The American yacht ''Columbia (1899 yacht), Columbia'' defeats the British ''Shamrock (yacht), Shamrock'' in the America's Cup yachting race in New York. * October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Edson Taylor goes over Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives. * October 29 **Leon Czolgosz is Capital punishment, executed in the electric chair for the assassination of William McKinley in Buffalo, New York on September 6. **In Amherst, New York, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine; she will confess to at least 31 killings.


November

* November 1 – The Sigma Phi Epsilon college fraternity is founded in Richmond, Virginia. * November 9 – Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff), Piano Concerto No. 2 is premiered in Moscow with the composer playing the solo part. * November 13 – 1901 Caister lifeboat disaster: a life-boat capsizes on service on the east coast of England during a great storm; nine of the twelve crew on board are killed. This gives ride to the lifeboatmen's motto "Never turn back." * November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha fraternity is founded at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia. * November 18 – The Hay–Pauncefote Treaty is signed by the United Kingdom and United States, allowing the U.S. to build the Panama Canal under its sole control. * November 25 – Auguste Deter is first examined by German Empire, German psychiatrist Dr. Alois Alzheimer, leading to a diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease, condition that will carry Alzheimer's name.


December

* December 3 ** U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the United States House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of Trust (19th century), trusts "within reasonable limits". ** The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 is passed by the new Parliament of Australia as the basis of a White Australia policy. * December 10 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm, on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. * December 12 – Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu, England, to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland; it is the letter "S" in Morse code. * December 20 – The final spike is driven into the Uganda Railway, Mombasa–Victoria–Uganda Railway, in modern-day Kisumu, Kenya.


Date unknown

* The okapi is observed for the first time by Europeans (previously known only to African natives). * New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward invents the spiral hairpin. * German engineer Richard Fiedler invents the modern flamethrower, the Kleinflammenwerfer. * American businessman William S. Harley draws up plans for his first prototype Harley-Davidson, motorcycle. * AB Lux, as the predecessor of Electrolux, founded in Sweden. * United States, American retail pharmacy Walgreens is founded in Chicago. * The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago. * The Bulgarian Women's Union is founded. * ''Splošno slovensko žensko društvo '', the first women's organisation in Slovenia, is founded.


Births


January

*
January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...
– George of Drama, Greek Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox priest, elder and saint (d. 1959) * January 3 – Ngô Đình Diệm, 1st president of South Vietnam (d. 1963) * January 4 – C. L. R. James, Trinidad-born writer, journalist (d. 1989) * January 7 – Teodora Fracasso, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed (d. 1927) *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...
– Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born American actress (d. 1991) * January 10 – Henning von Tresckow, German Wehrmacht Major General (d. 1944) * January 11 – Kwon Ki-ok, Korean pilot (d. 1988) * January 13 ** A. B. Guthrie Jr., American novelist and historian (d. 1991) ** Wilhelm Hanle, German physicist (d. 1993) * January 14 ** Bebe Daniels, American actress (d. 1971) ** Alfred Tarski, Polish logician and mathematician (d. 1983) * January 16 – Fulgencio Batista, Cuban leader (d. 1973) * January 17 – Susana Calandrelli, Argentine writer and teacher (d. 1978) *
January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...
– Alberto Hurtado, Chilean Jesuit priest and saint (d. 1952) * January 25 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (d. 1991) * January 27 – Art Rooney, American football team owner (d. 1988) * January 29 – E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (d. 1989) * January 30 ** Samir Al-Rifai, 9th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1965) ** Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (d. 1959)


February

* February 1 ** Frank Buckles, last surviving American veteran of World War I (d. 2011) ** Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960) ** Langston Hughes, African-American writer (d. 1967) *
February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...
– Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987) * February 3 – Arvid Wallman, Swedish diver (d. 1982) * February 9 ** Brian Donlevy, American actor (d. 1972) ** Sebastiaan Matheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1901–1987), Sebastiaan Matheus Sigismund de Ranitz, Dutch jurist and Nazi collaborator (d. 1987) * February 10 – Stella Adler, American actress, acting teacher (d. 1992) * February 15 – Kenneth Callow, British biochemist (d. 1983) * February 16 – Chester Morris, American actor (d. 1970) *
February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...
– Mohammed Naguib, 30th Prime Minister of Egypt and 1st President of Egypt (d. 1984) *
February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...
– Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979) * February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Nobel Peace Prize, Peace (d. 1994)


March

* March 3 – Claude Choules, British World War I veteran, last surviving combat veteran from any nation (d. 2011) * March 4 – Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Malagasy poet (d. 1937) * March 13 – Paul Fix, American actor (d. 1983) * March 23 – Bhakti Hridaya Bon, Indian guru, religious writer (d. 1982) * March 24 – Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971) * March 25 – Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970) * March 26 – Teresa Demjanovich, American Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1927) * March 27 ** Carl Barks, American cartoonist, screenwriter (d. 2000) ** Enrique Santos Discépolo, Argentine tango, milonga musician and composer (d. 1951) ** Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975) ** Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)


April

* April 1 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961) * April 5 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (d. 1981) * April 13 – Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist (d. 1981) * April 15 ** Joe Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1978) ** René Pleven, prime minister of France (d. 1993) * April 16 – Lajos Dinnyés, 41st prime minister of Hungary (d. 1961) *
April 29 Events Pre-1600 * 801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. * 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Kom ...
– Hirohito, List of Emperors of Japan, Emperor of Japan (d. 1989) * April 30 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born American economist, Nobel Prize in Economics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)


May

* May 3 – Gino Cervi, Italian actor (d. 1974) * May 7 – Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961) * May 11 – Rose Ausländer, German poet (d. 1988) * May 13 – Witold Pilecki, Polish resistance leader (executed 1948) *
May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...
– Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983) * May 18 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) * May 20 – Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981) * May 21 ** Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986) ** Suzanne Lilar, Belgian essayist, novelist and playwright (d. 1992) * May 30 – Mieczysław Fogg, Polish singer and artist (d. 1990) * May 31 – Alfredo Antonini, Italian-born American conductor and composer (d. 1983)


June

* June 1 – Tom Gorman (rugby league), Tom Gorman, Australian rugby league footballer (d. 1978) * June 3 – Zhang Xueliang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001) * June 6 – Sukarno, 1st president of Indonesia (d. 1970) * June 7 – Hugo Ballivián, Bolivian military officer, 44th President of Bolivia (d. 1993) * June 13 – Tage Erlander, Swedish politician, 25th prime minister of Sweden (d. 1985) * June 16 – Henri Lefebvre, French Marxist philosopher, sociologist (d. 1991) *
June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860), Byzantine� ...
** Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) ** Denis Johnston, Irish playwright (d. 1984) * June 23 – Chuck Taylor (salesman), Chuck Taylor, American basketball player, salesman (d. 1969) *
June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...
** Marcel Mule, French saxophonist (d. 2001) ** Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974) * June 26 – Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988) * June 27 – Merle Tuve, American physicist (d. 1982) * June 29 – Nelson Eddy, American singer, actor (d. 1967)


July

* July 7 ** Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and film director (d. 1974) ** Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (d. 1970) * July 9 ** Barbara Cartland, English novelist (d. 2000) ** Frank Finnigan, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1991) * July 13 – Eric Portman, English actor (d. 1969) * July 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938) * July 24 **Mabel Albertson, American actress (d. 1982) **Igor Ilyinsky, Soviet and Russian actor, comedian and director (d. 1987) * July 28 – Rudy Vallée, American actor and jazz musician (d. 1986) * July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985)


August

* August 1 – Francisco Guilledo, Pancho Villa, Filipino boxer (d. 1925) * August 4 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971) * August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958) * August 10 – Franco Rasetti, Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (d. 2001) * August 20 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian novelist, writer and Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968) * August 26 **Maxwell D. Taylor, American general (d. 1987) ** Chen Yi (general), Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (d. 1972) ** Jan de Quay, Dutch politician, psychologist and 31st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1985) * August 30 ** John Gunther, American writer (d. 1970) ** Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (d. 1981)


September

* September 2 ** Andreas Embirikos, Greek poet (d. 1975) ** Adolph Rupp, American college basketball coach (d. 1977) * September 4 – William Lyons, British automobile engineer, designer (d. 1985) * September 5 – Mario Scelba, 33rd prime minister of Italy (d. 1991) * September 7 – Abdallah El-Yafi, 7-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1986) * September 8 – Hendrik Verwoerd, 6th prime minister of South Africa (d. 1966) * September 14 – Gulbrand Lunde, Norwegian chemist and politician, Nazi collaborator (d. 1942) * September 15 – Donald Bailey (civil engineer), Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985) * September 16 – Andrée Brunet, French pair skater (d. 1993) * September 17 – Sir Francis Chichester, British sailor (d. 1972) * September 21 – Learie Constantine, Trinidad-born cricketer and race relations campaigner (d. 1971) * September 22 – Charles Brenton Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997) * September 23 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) * September 25 – Robert Bresson, French film director (d. 1999) * September 26 – George Raft, American film actor (d. 1980) * September 28 ** Ed Sullivan, American entertainer (d. 1974) ** William S. Paley, American businessman, founder of ''CBS'' (d. 1990) * September 29 ** Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) ** Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981)


October

* October 2 – Alice Prin, French singer (d. 1953) * October 10 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor and painter (d. 1966) * October 19 – Arleigh Burke, American admiral (d. 1996) * October 20 – Adelaide Hall, American jazz singer, entertainer (d. 1993) * October 22 – Wijeyananda Dahanayake, 5th prime minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1997) * October 29 – Georges Moulène, French footballer (d. 1985)


November

* November 2 – James Dunn (actor), James Dunn, American actor (d. 1967) * November 3 ** Prithviraj Kapoor, Indian actor and director (d. 1972) ** Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983) * November 4 – Yi Bangja, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989) * November 8 – Xu Xiangqian, Communist military leader in the People's Republic of China, defense minister (d. 1990) * November 11 **Helen Reichert, American broadcaster and educator (d. 2011) **Magda Goebbels, wife of German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels (d. 1945) * November 17 – Lee Strasberg, Polish-born American actor, acting teacher and co-founder of method acting (d. 1982) * November 18 – George Gallup, American statistician, opinion pollster (d. 1984) * November 22 ** Lee Patrick (actress), Lee Patrick, American actress (d. 1982) ** Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999) * November 25 – Fernando Tambroni, Italian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1963) * November 28 **Roy Urquhart, British general (d. 1988) **Max Wagner, Mexican-born American film actor (d. 1975) * November 29 – Mildred Harris, American actress (d. 1944)


December

* December 5 ** Walt Disney, American animator, film producer (d. 1966) ** Milton Erickson, American psychiatrist (d. 1980) ** Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) * December 9 – Jean Mermoz, French aviator (d. 1936) * December 16 – Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (d. 1978) * December 19 – Vitorino Nemesio, Portuguese poet and author (d. 1978) * December 23 – Viktor Gutić, Croatian fascist official (d. 1947) * December 25 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004) * December 27 – Marlene Dietrich, German-American actress (d. 1992) * December 31 ** Julia Bathory, Hungarian glass designer (d. 2000) ** Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)


Deaths


January–February

*
January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...
– Ignatius L. Donnelly, American politician and writer (b. 1831) * January 8 – John Barry (VC recipient), John Barry, Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1873) * January 10 – Sir James Dickson (Queensland politician), James Dickson, Premier of Queensland, Australian Minister for Defence (b. 1832) * January 11 – Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866) * January 14 – Víctor Balaguer, Spanish politician, author (b. 1824) * January 16 ** Arnold Böcklin, Swiss artist (b. 1827) ** Mahadev Govind Ranade, Indian reformer (b. 1842) * January 17 ** Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (b. 1823) ** Frederic W. H. Myers, British poet and psychic researcher (b. 1843) * January 19 – Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, French politician, 28th Prime Minister of France (b. 1821) * January 21 – Elisha Gray, American inventor, appliance manufacturer (b. 1835) *
January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...
Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...
of the United Kingdom, Empress of India (b. 1819) * January 27 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813) * January 28 – Iosif Gurko, Russian field marshal (b. 1828) * February 7 – Ana Betancourt, Cuban national heroine (b. 1832) * February 10 – Max von Pettenkofer, Bavarian chemist and hygienist (b. 1818) * February 11 ** King Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854) ** Ramón de Campoamor y Campoosorio, Ramón de Campoamor, Spanish poet (b. 1817) *
February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...
– Edward Stafford (politician), Sir Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator, politician and 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1819) *
February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...
– George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851) *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...
– Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa, Polish writer (b. 1829)


March–April

* March 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833) * March 23 – Konstantin Stoilov, 8th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1853) *
March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...
– John Stainer, Sir John Stainer, British composer and organist (b. 1840) * April 1 – François-Marie Raoult, French chemist (b. 1830) * April 3 – Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844) * April 9 – Shrimad Rajchandra, Indian Jainism, Jain philosopher, scholar and poet, spiritual mentor of Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1867) * April 24 – Arvid Posse, 2nd prime minister of Sweden (b. 1820)


May–June

* May 1 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor, businessman (b. 1837) * May 4 – Fritz Mayer van den Bergh, Belgian art collector and art historian (b. 1858) *
May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...
– Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general and statesman, twice President of Peru (b. 1825) * May 7 – Dimitar Grekov, 10th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1847) * May 19 – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, 1st President of South Africa (b. 1819) * May 21 – John Edmund Commerell, Sir John Commerell, British admiral of the fleet (b. 1829) * May 22 – Gaetano Bresci, Italian anarchist and assassin (b. 1869) *
May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus ...
– Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (b. 1823) * May 31 – Ernest de Sarzec, French archeologist (b. 1832) * June 2 – George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (b. 1844) * June 4 – Charlotte Fowler Wells, American phrenologist (b. 1814) * June 9 ** Walter Besant, English writer (b. 1836) ** Adolf Bötticher, German art historian (b. 1842) * June 13 – Leopoldo Alas, Leopoldo Alas, 'Clarín', Spanish novelist (b. 1852) * June 16 – Herman Grimm, German historian (b. 1828) * June 21 – Anthony Hoskins, British admiral (b. 1828) * June 25 – Alexandru Candiano-Popescu, Romanian general, lawyer, journalist, and poet (b. 1841)


July–August

* July 4 ** John Fiske (philosopher), John Fiske, American philosopher (b. 1842) ** Johannes Schmidt (linguist), Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843) * July 6 ** Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany (b. 1819) ** Joseph LeConte, American physician and geologist (b. 1823) * July 7 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer (b. 1827) * July 10 – Kliment of Tarnovo, 2nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1841) * July 11 – Marietta Bones, American suffragist, social reformer, philanthropist (b. 1842) * July 18 – Jan ten Brink, Dutch writer (b. 1834) * August 5 – Victoria, Princess Royal (b. 1840) * August 12 ** Francesco Crispi, 11th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1819) ** Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Finnish-Swedish botanist, geologist, mineralogist, and explorer (b. 1832) * August 19 – Shō Tai, last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom in Japan (b. 1843) * August 21 – Adolf Eugen Fick, German-born physician and physiologist (b. 1829)


September–October

* September 9 – Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864) * September 10 – Emanuella Carlbeck, Swedish educator and social reformer (b. 1829) * September 14 – William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (Assassination of William McKinley, assassinated) (b. 1843) * September 15 – Sir Joseph Palmer Abbott, Australian politician and solicitor (b. 1842) * September 25 – Arthur Lyon Fremantle, Sir Arthur Fremantle, British army general (b. 1835) * October 1 – Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1844) * October 10 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1814) * October 15 – Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart, 16th Duke of Alba, Spanish aristocrat (b. 1849) * October 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier, industrialist (b. 1829) * October 28 – Paul Rée, German author and philosopher (b. 1849) * October 29 ** Leon Czolgosz, Polish-American assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (executed) (b. 1873) ** John Kemp Starley, English bicycle inventor (b. 1854)


November–December

* November 7 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese general (b. 1823) * November 13 – William Houston Stewart, Sir William Stewart, British admiral (b. 1822) * November 27 – Clement Studebaker, American manufacturer (b. 1831) * November 29 – Francisco Pi y Margall, Spanish politician, former president of the Republic (b. 1824) * November 30 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, Governor of Jamaica (b. 1815) * December 6 – Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann, German photographer (b. 1815) * December 11 – Lev Ivanov, Russian choreographer (b. 1834)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Emil Adolf von Behring * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Sully Prudhomme * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Jean Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy


Significance of 1901 for software

The date of Friday December 13 20:45:52 1901 is significant for modern computers because it is the earliest date representable with a signed 32-bit integer on systems that reference time in seconds since the Unix epoch. This corresponds to −2147483648 seconds from Thursday January 1 00:00:00 1970. Software that depends on this representation cannot represent an earlier date. Similarly, many computer systems suffer from the year 2038 problem, when the positive number of seconds since 1970 exceeds 2147483647 (01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 in binary) and, if represented as a signed 32-bit integer, wraps to −2147483648, representing Friday December 13 20:45:52 1901. In a way, the year 2038 problem for using signed 32-bit integers with January 1, 1970, as the zero date is as the year 2000 problem was for software using two-digit decimal integers with January 1, 1900, as the zero date.


References


Further reading

* * Gilbert, Martin. ''A History of the Twentieth Century: vol. 1 1900–1933'' (1997) pp 36–54; Global coverage of politics, diplomacy etc. {{DEFAULTSORT:1901 1901,