Zhuanxu

Zhuanxu (), also known as Gaoyang (), was a mythological emperor of ancient China.

In the traditional account recorded by Sima Qian, Zhuanxu was a grandson of the Yellow Emperor.

Association with Four Barbarians

At the age of ten with Shaohao, he was said to have led the Shi clan in an eastward migration to present-day Shandong, where intermarriages with the Dongyi clan enlarged and augmented their tribal influences.

He also was associated with a religious reform of the Jiuli (九黎) people, banishing witchcraft practised by the people.

Family

Zhuanxu was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and his wife Leizu by way of his father Changyi (). His mother was named Changpu () from the Shushan clan (), according to Sima Qian, and Niuqu () according to the '' Bamboo Annals''. Zhuanxu is also alternatively said to be the son of Hanliu () in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. However, it is recorded in suspicious part Haineijing () that was written last.

Zhuanxu was claimed as an ancestor by many of the dynasties of Chinese history, including the Mi of Chu and Yue, the Yíng of Qin, and the Cao of Wei.

Reign

Zhuanxu is held by many sources to be one of the Five Emperors.

Some sources say that at age twenty, he became their sovereign, going on to rule for seventy-eight years until his death.

According to Sima Qian's '' Records of the Grand Historian'' ('' Shiji''), upon the death of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu's uncle Shaohao never reigned as king, as he was purported to do in other documents. Rather, Gaoyang was chosen as the tribe's new leader, with the regnal name Zhuanxu, in preference to his father and all his uncles. Zhuanxu defeated Gonggong, a descendant of the Emperor Yan.

However, the account in the '' Bamboo Annals'' states that Zhuanxu became an assistant to his uncle, Emperor Shaohao, at the age of ten, and became king in his own right at the age of 20.

Zhuanxu was credited with introducing the practice of sacrifice to soil and grain, which was essential to Chinese government until the fall of the Qing. He made contributions to a unified calendar, astrology, religion reforms to oppose shamanism, upheld the patriarchal (as opposed to the previous matriarchal) system, and forbade marriages between close kin. The ''Bamboo Annals'' also credit him with composing one of the earliest pieces of music, known as "The Answer to the Clouds ()".

Zhuanxu was succeeded by his cousin, Shaohao's grandson, Ku. According to ''Shiji'', Zhuanxu or Zhuanxu's lineage, had an incompetent son () derided as Taowu (; literally: " block- stump; blockhead"). Two other descendants of Zhuanxu were also named: one is Zhuanxu's son Qiongchan (), from whom descended Emperor Shun; the other is Gun, father of Yu the Great. Emperor Yao had also criticised Gun for being incompetent and ruinous. Qiongchan was a commoner, though there is no account of his fall from grace. Eight of Zhuanxu's other descendants, unnamed yet of good repute, later worked for Shun.

Calendar

The ''Bamboo Annals'' record that in the thirteenth year of his reign, Zhuanxu "invented calendric calculations and delineations of the heavenly bodies ()".

Since Zhuanxu was claimed as a founder of the Qin dynasty, the new calendar system "zhuanxuli"() was named after Zhuanxu by Shi Huangdi.

Mythology

Zhuanxu is also mentioned as a god of the Polaris along with god Taiyi (), the original god of the Polaris. Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors were said to be sent by the Taiyi from the east to the land of the humans, and thus considered to return to their original roles as gods of the Polaris when their role in the land of the humans was done.

Potential connection with Longshan culture

Zhuanxu is commonly associated with the mythical "separation of the Heaven from Earth ()". According to the Lu Xing () chapter of '' Shang Shu'':

We are told that the Miao ()… created oppressive punishments which pushed the people into disorder. Shang Di, the Lord on High… surveyed the people and found them lacking in virtue. Out of pity for those who were innocent, the August Lord ()… had the Miao exterminated. "Then he charged Chong () and Li () to cut the communication between Heaven and Earth so that there would be no descending and ascending." After this had been done, order was restored and the people returned to virtue.

Several Chinese mythologists interpreted this myth as a representation or symbolisation of increasing social stratification. Before the "separation of Earth and Heaven", in Yangshao culture, every household could have or hire a shaman. However, during Longshan culture, shamans could only be hired by a few people, suggesting a monopoly of the ability to ascend to and descend from Heaven. In this sense, this myth may indicate the start of social stratification in ancient Chinese culture.

''Samguk Sagi''

According to '' Samguk Sagi'', the kings of Goguryeo regarded themselves as a descendant of Chinese heroes because he gave as his surname "Go" (Hanja: ) as they were the descendant of Gaoyang (Hanja: ) who was a grandchild of the Yellow Emperor and Gaoxin (Hanja: ) who was a great-grandchild of the Yellow Emperor.

See also

* Xuanwu (god)

References

{{Religious Confucianism

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors