Zhang Wen (Three Kingdoms)

Zhang Wen (193–230), courtesy name Huishu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Family background and early career

Zhang Wen was from Wu County, Wu Commandery, which is in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. The Zhang clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in Wu Commandery at the time. His father, Zhang Yun (), was famous in Wu Commandery for valuing friendship and having a low regard for material wealth. Zhang Yun also served as an assistant officer under the warlord Sun Quan, who became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu later.

At a young age, Zhang Wen was already known for his good moral conduct and for having a dignified appearance. When Sun Quan heard about him, he asked his subjects: "Among his contemporaries, who is Zhang Wen comparable to?" Liu Ji said: "He is comparable to Quan Cong." However, Gu Yong had a different opinion: "Liu Ji doesn't know him well enough. No one is comparable to Zhang Wen." Sun Quan said: "If it is so, Zhang Yun must be still alive." When Zhang Wen was summoned to the Wu court to meet Sun Quan and his subjects, he impressed them with his demeanour and his eloquent responses to their questions. As he was about to leave, Zhang Zhao held his hand and said: "I entrust my plans to you. You should understand what I mean." Zhang Wen was then appointed as a Consultant () and Master of Writing in the Selection Bureau (). He was promoted to Crown Prince's Tutor () later and was highly regarded by Sun Quan.

Diplomatic mission to Shu

In the summer of 224,( ��武��年夏，遣輔義中郎將張溫聘于蜀。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 47. when Zhang Wen was 31, he was appointed as General of the Household Who Upholds Righteousness () and sent on a diplomatic mission to Wu's ally state, Shu Han. Before he left, Sun Quan told him: "I actually didn't want to send you on this mission. I did so because I was worried that Zhuge Liang might misinterpret my dealings with the Caos. We should work more closely together with Shu after eliminating the threat of the Shanyue. As an envoy, you have a mission to complete but you have no restrictions on what you can say." Zhang Wen replied: "I have never held great responsibilities in the imperial court before, nor do I possess the ability to handle diplomatic affairs well. I am afraid I can neither spread Wu's fame as well as Zhang Zhao did, nor make decisions as well as Zichan. However, Zhuge Liang is wise, discerning and good in long-term planning, so I believe he will definitely understand your intentions and the reasons behind your dealings with Wei. With the blessing of the imperial court, I believe it won't be difficult to understand what Zhuge Liang is looking out for. There is nothing to worry about."(時年三十二，以輔義中郎將使蜀。權謂溫曰：「卿不宜遠出，恐諸葛孔明不知吾所以與曹氏通意，以故屈卿行。若山越都除，便欲大搆於蜀。行人之義，受命不受辭也。」溫對曰：「臣入無腹心之規，出無專對之用，懼無張老延譽之功，又無子產陳事之效。然諸葛亮達見計數，必知神慮屈申之宜，加受朝廷天覆之惠，推亮之心，必無疑貳。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 57.

Upon arriving in Shu, Zhang Wen received a warm welcome and was invited to the imperial court to meet the Shu emperor, Liu Shan. He praised Liu Shan for having many talents in his imperial court, and compared him to the Shang dynasty ruler Wu Ding and King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty. He then explained that Wu actually wished to maintain friendly ties with Shu, but had to unwillingly submit to Wei because it lacked the military power to resist Wei. He also expressed his gratitude to the people of Shu for their hospitality. The Shu imperial court was very impressed with him and regarded him highly.

Shortly after he returned to Wu, Zhang Wen was sent to serve in the military garrison in Yuzhang Commandery () but did not do anything significant there.

Downfall and death

Sun Quan was not only unhappy with Zhang Wen for praising the Shu government, but also jealous of his growing popularity. He feared that Zhang Wen would win over the hearts of the people and eventually take over his throne, so he thought of ways to depose Zhang Wen. His opportunity arrived when Zhang Wen was implicated in an incident involving Ji Yan, an official whom Zhang Wen recommended to serve in the Wu government. Ji Yan incurred much resentment from his colleagues when he came up with radical ideas to reform the bureaucracy – a move that would affect over 90 percent of all Wu officials.

In 224, Ji Yan and his colleague Xu Biao () were arrested and removed from office based on allegations of unprofessional conduct. They committed suicide later. Zhang Wen was implicated in this incident because he not only recommended Ji Yan, but was also a close friend of both Ji Yan and Xu Biao. Like them, he was removed from office, arrested and imprisoned.

In September 224,( ��武三年��八月，赦死罪。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 47. The month corresponds to 1 to 29 Sep 224 in the Julian calendar. Sun Quan wrote an order listing out Zhang Wen's offences. The order read:

The general Luo Tong wrote a long memorial to Sun Quan, speaking up for Zhang Wen and attempting to persuade the emperor to pardon Zhang. Sun Quan did not accept his advice.

Zhang Wen died of illness six years after he was deposed.(後六年，溫病卒。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 57.

Family

Zhang Wen had two younger brothers, Zhang Zhi () and Zhang Bai (), who were also known for being talented. They lost their offices along with their brother. Zhang Bai married Lu Ji's daughter, Lu Yusheng (). When Zhang Wen was on his deathbed, he entrusted household affairs to her sister-in-law, Lu Yusheng.

Zhang Wen also three sisters who were known for their good moral conduct. His second sister married Gu Yong's grandson, Gu Cheng. After Gu Cheng's death, she was arranged to be married to a man whose family name was Ding (). She committed suicide on her wedding day by consuming poison. The Wu imperial court praised her for remaining loyal to her deceased husband. The people in her hometown drew a portrait of her to commemorate her.

Appraisal

Once, there was a man called Yu Jun () from Yuyao County () who commented on Zhang Wen as follows: "Zhang Huishu is talented but not wise, and flashy but not realistic. Judging from the growing resentment towards him, I foresee that he will meet his downfall one day." Zhuge Liang did not agree with Yu Jun's view initially, but later he praised Yu Jun for having foresight when his prediction came true. He also pondered over the causes of Zhang Wen's downfall for several days before concluding: "I know already. He was too clear when he made distinctions between integrity and corruption, and good and evil."

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Wen's biography in the ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'', appraised Zhang Wen as follows: "Zhang Wen was talented and good-looking, but he lacked wisdom and caution. That resulted in him getting into trouble."

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Zhang Wen's biography, remarked that Zhang Wen's downfall was due to his widespread fame, which incurred Sun Quan's jealousy. Zhang Wen's fame was attested by Luo Tong's memorial to Sun Quan, in which Luo Tong mentioned that "Zhang Wen had no equal".(臣松之以為莊周云「名者公器也，不可以多取」，張溫之廢，豈其取名之多乎！多之為弊，古賢旣知之矣。是以遠見之士，退藏於密，不使名浮於德，不以華傷其實，旣不能被褐韞寶，杜廉逃譽，使才映一世，聲蓋人上，沖用之道，庸可暫替！溫則反之，能無敗乎？權旣疾溫名盛，而駱統方驟言其美，至云「卓躒冠羣，煒曄曜世，世人未有及之者也」。斯何異燎之方盛，又撝膏以熾之哉！) Pei Songzhi's annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 57.

In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''

Zhang Wen appeared in Chapter 86 of the 14th-century historical novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Quan orders him to accompany Deng Zhi back to Shu after Deng Zhi convinces Sun Quan to reestablish the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei. Zhang Wen meets the Shu emperor Liu Shan. Before he leaves, Liu Shan prepares a farewell banquet for him and orders Zhuge Liang and other senior officials to see him off. During the feast, Zhang Wen debates with the Shu official Qin Mi. Qin Mi responds tactfully to Zhang Wen's questions; Zhang Wen, however, cannot respond to Qin Mi's question. He tells Zhuge Liang later that he is very impressed that Shu has such talents.

See also

* Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

* Chen, Shou (3rd century). ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' (''Sanguozhi'').
*
* Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' (''Sanguo Yanyi'').
* Pei, Songzhi (5th century). ''Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms'' (''Sanguozhi zhu'').

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Wen
193 births
230 deaths
Eastern Wu generals
Eastern Wu government officials
Politicians from Suzhou
Three Kingdoms diplomats