Zandakhoy
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Zandkhoy, Zandakhoy ( Chechen: Зандакъой, Зандкъой, Zandaq̇oy, Zandq̇oy) is a Chechen
teip A ''teip'' (also ''taip'', ''tayp'', ''teyp''; Chechen language, Chechen and Ingush language, Ingush: тайпа, romanized: ''taypa'' , ''family'', ''kin'', ''clan'', ''tribe''Нохчийн-Оьрсийн словарь (Chechen-Russian Dict ...
(clan) from the historic region of Ichkeria and belongs to the
tukkhum ''Tukkhum'' (; from ) is a term and system introduced in the 1960s, most notably by Soviet Chechen writer Magomet Mamakaev in 1962. This system does not properly apply to the Chechen nation and the social structure of Chechen clans. Mamakaev prop ...
Nokhchmakhkakhoy, also called ''Ichkerians''. The centre of the teip is the village Zandak, which is located in the
Nozhay-Yurtovsky District Nozhay-Yurtovsky District (; , ''Naƶi-Yürtan khoşt'') is an administrativeDecree #500 and municipalLaw #11-RZ district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic. The area of the distr ...
.


Geography

Members of the teip live all across the
Chechen Republic Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and share ...
and the
Aukh Aukh (Chechen language, Chechen: Ӏовх, Ӏавх, 'Ovkh, Ӏовхойн мохк; Russian language, Russian: Ау́х) is a historical region in the current republic of Dagestan, populated by Chechens. Aukh encompasses parts of the Novolaksky ...
region of today's
Dagestan Dagestan ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Fede ...
. They either make up the majority or founded the following villages * Baytarki (Байтарки) * Gamiyakh (Гамиях) * Gilyani (Гиляны) * Mazhgara (Мажгара) * Simsir (Симсир) * Zandak-Ara (Зандак-Ара) The teip also had historical settlements in other parts of Chechnya which were named after their native village Zandak, like on the right side of the Gums (a tributary of the
Sunzha Sunzha (; ) is a town and the administrative center of the Sunzhensky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. Before 2016 it was called Ordzhonikidzevskaya, after Soviet political leader Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze. Population: As of the ...
) and one between the Gekhi and
Valerik Valerik may refer to: *Valerik River, a river in the Chechen Republic, Russia *Battle of the Valerik River, 1840 battle fought at this river * Valerik (poem), Mikhail Lermontov's poem about this battle * Valerik, Achkhoy-Martanovsky District, a rura ...
. These were burned down during the
Russian conquest of the Caucasus The Russian conquest of the Caucasus mainly occurred between 1800 and 1864. The Russian Empire sought to control the region between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. South of the mountains was the territory that is modern Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georg ...
.


Etymology

The origin of the word ''Zandak'' is unknown, although historians believe it possibly derived from the word sona/sana, which means angle, and duk, meaning ridge. There is also the common belief that the name derives from Zana, who according to a legend was the founder of the teip (Zana + duk, Zanas ridge).


History

The village is the name giverfor the Zandak culture, an archaeological culture spanning from the 11th to the 7th century BC. The burial ground of the culture was accidentally discovered in 1952 and was made up of 66 burials in which they found several arrowheads, spear tips, a brush, a bracelet and other things. During the
Caucasian War The Caucasian War () or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series o ...
, members of the teip supported the
Caucasian Imamate The Caucasian Imamate, also known as the North Caucasus Imamate (), was a state founded by Muslim imams in the early-to-mid 19th century across Dagestan and Chechnya. It emerged during the Caucasian War (1817–1864) as a resistance movement a ...
and fought consistently against the Russian conquerors. Among them was Gheza-Hadzhi Zandakskiy, a
Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...
preacher and spiritual leader of the Chechens. In 1877, inhabitants of Zandak and other mountain villages in Eastern Chechnya, started an uprising under the fellow Zandkhoy Alibek-Hadzhi Aldamov. The uprising lasted until 27 November, when Aldamov decided to surrender and put an end to the suffering Chechens went through. During the uprising, many Chechen villages were burned down by Russian forces, including Zandak, Baytarki and Alibeks home village, Simsir, on 17 May. Inhabitants of these villages were then pushed to the planes or deported to Dagestan. In the course of the Chechen-Ingush deportation in 1944, Zandak was renamed Dagbash and resettled with people from Dagestan. After the restoration of the
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic When the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the northern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Repub ...
, the village returned to its former name Zandak and the Dagestanis resettled back to Dagestan.


Branches

The teip is split into 11 branches (некъи, neq̇i): the Zaghash neq, Ghoytk neq, Ghurma neq, Baci/Be neq, Le neq, Mentig neq, Arzin/Khaghashan neq, Ghadalan neq, Daki neq, Khornin neq, and Khokhcala neq.


Genetics

All members of the teip that have tested so far belong to the J1 and J2
haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a sing ...
. 2 families of the Ghurma neq and Daki neq are J1, while the rest are J2, which include one Ghoytk family, one Ghadalan family, one Zaghash family and one Ghurma family.


Notable Zandkhoy

* Aldamov, Alibek-Hadzhi (1850 — 1978) — leader of the uprising in 1877 * Gheza-Hadzhi (1808 — 1867) — scholar, preacher and spiritual leader during the Caucasian War{{Cite book, last=Ахмадов, first=Муса, title=Чеченская традиционная культура и этика, publisher=, year=, isbn=, location=, pages=24 * Kakiyev, Said-Magomed (1970) —
colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...
in the Russian Army * Otarsultanov, Dzhamal (1987) — Olympic wrestler, won the gold medal in men's freestyle 55 kg at the
2012 London Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012, were an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the ...
* Surkov, Vladislav (1964) — businessman and politician


References

Chechen people History of Chechnya