ZWNJ

The zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ, ; rendered: ; HTML entity: or ) is a non-printing character used in the computerization of writing systems that make use of ligatures. For example, in writing systems that feature initial, medial and final letter-forms, such as the Persian alphabet, when a ZWNJ is placed between two characters that would otherwise be joined into a ligature, it instead prevents the ligature and causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. This is also an effect of a space character, but a ZWNJ is used when it is desirable to keep the characters closer together or to connect a word with its morpheme.

The ZWNJ is encoded in Unicode as .

Use of ZWNJ for correct typography

In certain languages, the ZWNJ is necessary for unambiguously specifying the correct typographic form of a character sequence.

The picture shows how the code looks when it is ''rendered'' correctly, and in every row the correct and incorrect pictures should be different. On a system which not configured to display the Unicode correctly, the correct display and the incorrect one may look the same, or either of them may be significantly different from the corresponding picture.

In this Biblical Hebrew example, the placement of the to the left of the is correct, which has a sign written as two vertical dots to denote short vowel. If a were placed to the left of , it would be erroneous. In Modern Hebrew, there is no reason to use the for spoken language, so it is rarely used in Modern Hebrew typesetting.

In German typography, ligatures may not cross the constituent boundaries within compounds. Thus, in the first German example, the prefix is separated from the rest of the word to prohibit the ligature ''fl''. Similarly, in English, some argue ligatures should not cross morpheme boundaries. For example, in some words ''fly'' and ''fish'' are morphemes but in others they're not; therefore, by their reasoning, words like ' and ' (here shown with the non-joiner) should not have ligatures (respectively of fl and fi) while ''dayfly'' and ''catfish'' should have them.

Persian uses this character extensively for certain prefixes, suffixes and compound words. It is necessary for disambiguating compounds from non-compound words, which use a full space.

In the Jawi script of Malay, ZWNJ is used whenever more than one consonants are written at the end of any phrase (, Malay for 'science' or in Latin script, pronounced /ˈsa.ɪns/.) It is used to signify that there are no vowels (specifically 'a' or 'ə') in between the two consonant letters as would otherwise be pronounced either /ˈsa.ɪnas/ or /ˈsa.ɪnəs/. A space would separate the phrase into different words, where phrases such as would now mean 'to sign the Arabic letter sin' ( in Latin script.)

Use of ZWNJ to display alternative forms

In Indic scripts, insertion of a ZWNJ after a consonant either with a halant or before a dependent vowel prevents the characters from being joined properly:

In Devanagari, the characters and typically combine to form , but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, (code: क्‌ष) is seen instead.

In Kannada, the characters ನ್ and ನ combine to form ನ್ನ, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, ನ್‌ನ is displayed. That style is typically used to write foreign words in Kannada script: "Facebook" is written as ಫೇಸ್‌ಬುಕ್, though it can be written as ಫೇಸ್ಬುಕ್. ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ and ರಾಮ್‌ಗೊಪಾಲ್ are examples of other proper nouns that need ZWNJ.

To insert a ZWNJ in Kannada, use Shift-V on Linux (iBus, InScript). On Windows (InScript), you can produce a ZWNJ with Ctrl+Shift+2 or Alt+0157. For the LipikaIME on Mac, the caret returns a ZWNJ.

In Bengali, when the Bengali letter য occurs at the end of a consonant cluster—i.e., য preceded by a ◌্ ('' hôsôntô'')—it appears in a special shape, , known as the য-ফলা (''ja-phala''), such as in ক্য (ক ্ য). Thus, when we want to write উদ্‌যাপন (correct Bengali spelling for celebration), it becomes উদ্যাপন (which is incorrect). Here ZWNJ works. If we want to write উদ্‌যাপন, we have to write in the following sequence (code: উদ্‌যাপন),Also see the Unicode chapter 12, Bengali (Bangla) between page 475 to 479 here i
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then we will get the proper rendering and the correct spelling. In Bengali, the ''hôsôntô'' is used for making any conjuncts and falas (such as ra-fala, ba-fala etc)''.'' Where the ''hôsôntô'' needs to be displayed explicitly, it is required to insert ZWNJ after the ''hôsôntô''.

Also in Bengali, when the Bengali letter র occurs at the beginning of a consonant cluster—i.e., র succeeded by a hôsôntô—it appears in a special shape, known as the রেফ (reph). Thus, the sequence র ্ য is rendered by default as র্য. When the য-ফলা shape needs to be retained rather than the রেফ shape, the ZWJ is inserted right after র, i.e., র‍্য to render র‍্য. র‍্য is commonly used for loanwords from English such as র‍্যাম (RAM), র‍্যান্ডম (random) etc.

Symbol

The symbol to be used on keyboards which enable the input of the ZWNJ directly is standardized in Amendment 1 (2012) of ISO/IEC 9995-7:2009 ''"Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems – Symbols used to represent functions"'' as symbol number 81, and in IEC 60417 ''"Graphical Symbols for use on Equipment"'' as symbol no. IEC 60417-6177-2.

See also

* Zero-width joiner
* Zero-width space
* Word divider

References

External links

Using the ZWNJ in Persian


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Persian orthography
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