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''Yunganglong'' is an extinct genus of basal (phylogenetics), basal hadrosauroid dinosaur known from the early Late Cretaceous lower Zhumapu Formation of Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province of northeastern China. It contains a single species, ''Yunganglong datongensis''.
''Yunganglong'' was first described and named by Run-Fu Wang, Hai-Lu You, Shi-Chao Xu, Suo-Zhu Wang, Jian Yi, Li-Juan Xie, Lei Jia and Ya-Xian Li in 2013 in paleontology, 2013 and the type species is ''Y. datongensis''. The name of a biological genus, generic name honors Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage site built in the 5th and 6th centuries about 50 km east of the fossil locality, and derived from ''long'' meaning "dragon" in Chinese language, Chinese. The specific name (zoology), specific name refers to the city of Datong, located in northern Shanxi province, where the holotype was found.
''Yunganglong'' is known solely from the holotype SXMG V 00001, field number ZY007, an associated but disarticulated partial skeleton housed at the Shanxi Museum of Geology. The holotype came from a single individual, and includes the caudodorsal part of the skull, ZY007-37 and ZY007-38, separated along the floor of the neurocranium, braincase; two cervical vertebrae ZY007-40 and ZY007-41; partial dorsal neural arch and neural processes ZY007-36; two caudal vertebrae, including the proximal ZY007-27 and the middle ZY007-19; distal portions of both Ischium, ischia (left ZY007-11 and right ZY007-12, distal end of left femur ZY007-32, proximal portion of right tibia ZY007-1, and distal portion of left tibia with astragalus ZY007-2. The remains were collected in 2011 from Locality 7 of the Zhumapu Formation, as a part of a project to find dinosaurs for the Shanxi Museum of Geology, initiated by the Department of Land and Resources of Shanxi Province. SXMG V 00001 was found in the vicinity of Zuoyun County, from the lower part of Zhumapu Formation, dating to the early Late Cretaceous based on Biostratigraphy, biostratigraphic correlations, overlying the late Early Cretaceous Zuoyun Formation. Other than SXMG V 00001, ankylosaur and ceratopsian remains were found from the newly discovered localities. The first dinosaur record in Shanxi Province was reported by Young (1958), from two localities in Zuoyun County. He assigned hadrosauroid material recovered from the Xinyaogou locality of the Zuoyun area to ''Bactrosaurus johnsoni'', including two isolated teeth, some vertebrae including a series of 25 caudal vertebrae, one rib, one right humerus and several manual and pedal bones. Although no overlapping material exists, based on the more basal phylogenetic position and lower stratigraphic horizon of ''Yunganglong'' compared to ''Bactrosaurus'', Young's material more probably pertains to ''Yunganglong''.
Wang ''et al.'' (2013) diagnosed ''Yunganglong datongensis'' using a unique combination of four characters. The caudal surface of the supraoccipital in ''Yunganglong'' and more advanced hadrosauroids is inclined steeply forward at approximately 45°, while nearly vertical in ''Jintasaurus'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes. The horizontal portion of the paroccipital process is caudolaterally extended and accompanied by the squamosal, but laterally extended in ''Jintasaurus'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes. As observed in ''Yunganglong'' and ''Jintasaurus'', but not in ''Bactrosaurus'' and more advanced taxa, the pendent portion of the paroccipital process does not curve cranially. Finally, ''Yunganglong'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes possess a deep, U-shaped, intercondylar extensor groove on the femur, partially enclosed by expansion of medial and lateral Condyle (anatomy), condyles, while in more advanced taxa (e.g. ''Nanyangosaurus'') it is fully enclosed.
''Yunganglong'' cannot be directly compared with three other non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids. These include ''Shuangmiaosaurus'' from the early Late Cretaceous of Liaoning Province of northeastern China, and two other early Late Cretaceous taxa from North America: the Cenomanian ''Protohadros'' and the Turonian ''Jeyawati''. Like other hadrosauroids, ''Yunganglong'' was a ground-dwelling herbivore that could walk bipedally, and could stand on all four legs. The skull of ''Yunganglong'' is relatively wide and low.
Discovery and naming
''Yunganglong'' was first described and named by Run-Fu Wang, Hai-Lu You, Shi-Chao Xu, Suo-Zhu Wang, Jian Yi, Li-Juan Xie, Lei Jia and Ya-Xian Li in 2013 in paleontology, 2013 and the type species is ''Y. datongensis''. The name of a biological genus, generic name honors Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site, UNESCO World Heritage site built in the 5th and 6th centuries about 50 km east of the fossil locality, and derived from ''long'' meaning "dragon" in Chinese language, Chinese. The specific name (zoology), specific name refers to the city of Datong, located in northern Shanxi province, where the holotype was found.
''Yunganglong'' is known solely from the holotype SXMG V 00001, field number ZY007, an associated but disarticulated partial skeleton housed at the Shanxi Museum of Geology. The holotype came from a single individual, and includes the caudodorsal part of the skull, ZY007-37 and ZY007-38, separated along the floor of the neurocranium, braincase; two cervical vertebrae ZY007-40 and ZY007-41; partial dorsal neural arch and neural processes ZY007-36; two caudal vertebrae, including the proximal ZY007-27 and the middle ZY007-19; distal portions of both Ischium, ischia (left ZY007-11 and right ZY007-12, distal end of left femur ZY007-32, proximal portion of right tibia ZY007-1, and distal portion of left tibia with astragalus ZY007-2. The remains were collected in 2011 from Locality 7 of the Zhumapu Formation, as a part of a project to find dinosaurs for the Shanxi Museum of Geology, initiated by the Department of Land and Resources of Shanxi Province. SXMG V 00001 was found in the vicinity of Zuoyun County, from the lower part of Zhumapu Formation, dating to the early Late Cretaceous based on Biostratigraphy, biostratigraphic correlations, overlying the late Early Cretaceous Zuoyun Formation. Other than SXMG V 00001, ankylosaur and ceratopsian remains were found from the newly discovered localities. The first dinosaur record in Shanxi Province was reported by Young (1958), from two localities in Zuoyun County. He assigned hadrosauroid material recovered from the Xinyaogou locality of the Zuoyun area to ''Bactrosaurus johnsoni'', including two isolated teeth, some vertebrae including a series of 25 caudal vertebrae, one rib, one right humerus and several manual and pedal bones. Although no overlapping material exists, based on the more basal phylogenetic position and lower stratigraphic horizon of ''Yunganglong'' compared to ''Bactrosaurus'', Young's material more probably pertains to ''Yunganglong''.
Description
Wang ''et al.'' (2013) diagnosed ''Yunganglong datongensis'' using a unique combination of four characters. The caudal surface of the supraoccipital in ''Yunganglong'' and more advanced hadrosauroids is inclined steeply forward at approximately 45°, while nearly vertical in ''Jintasaurus'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes. The horizontal portion of the paroccipital process is caudolaterally extended and accompanied by the squamosal, but laterally extended in ''Jintasaurus'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes. As observed in ''Yunganglong'' and ''Jintasaurus'', but not in ''Bactrosaurus'' and more advanced taxa, the pendent portion of the paroccipital process does not curve cranially. Finally, ''Yunganglong'' and less derived Hadrosauriformes possess a deep, U-shaped, intercondylar extensor groove on the femur, partially enclosed by expansion of medial and lateral Condyle (anatomy), condyles, while in more advanced taxa (e.g. ''Nanyangosaurus'') it is fully enclosed.
''Yunganglong'' cannot be directly compared with three other non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids. These include ''Shuangmiaosaurus'' from the early Late Cretaceous of Liaoning Province of northeastern China, and two other early Late Cretaceous taxa from North America: the Cenomanian ''Protohadros'' and the Turonian ''Jeyawati''. Like other hadrosauroids, ''Yunganglong'' was a ground-dwelling herbivore that could walk bipedally, and could stand on all four legs. The skull of ''Yunganglong'' is relatively wide and low.
Phylogeny
Based on its Morphology (biology), morphology Wang et al. (2013) showed that ''Yunganglong'' was more derived than the basal hadrosauriform ''Iguanodon'' but more primitive than the hadrosaurids, such as the well known ''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Corythosaurus''. To further explore the phylogenetic position of ''Y. datongensis'' among hadrosauriforms, Wang ''et al.'' (2013) used a modified version of the data matrix first presented by Sues and Averianov (2009). ''Nanyangosaurus'', ''Shuangmiaosaurus'', and ''Yunganglong'' were added to the matrix, and two character codings were modified. In the strict consensus tree, ''Yunganglong'' was recovered as more advanced than ''Probactrosaurus'', in an unresolved polytomy with ''Jintasaurus'', ''Protohadros'', ''Nanyangosaurus'', ''Shuangmiaosaurus'', ''Levnesovia'', ''Bactrosaurus'', ''Tanius'', ''Telmatosaurus'' and the clade formed by ''Aralosaurus'' and Hadrosauridae. The 50% majority rule tree resolved its phylogenetic position further, as shown in the cladogram below.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q15079382 Hadrosauroidea Dinosaur genera Cenomanian dinosaurs Dinosaurs of China Fossil taxa described in 2013 Taxa named by Hailu You