Yucatan Poorwill
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The Yucatan poorwill (''Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus'') is a species of
nightjar Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal or crepuscular birds in the family Caprimulgidae and order Caprimulgiformes, characterised by long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They are sometimes called bugeaters, their primary source of food ...
in the family Caprimulgidae. It is found in the
Yucatán Peninsula The Yucatán Peninsula ( , ; ) is a large peninsula in southeast Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala. The peninsula extends towards the northeast, separating the Gulf of Mexico to the north and west of the peninsula from the C ...
of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.


Taxonomy and systematics

The Yucatan poorwill has sometimes been placed in genus ''Otophanes'', which was later merged into the current ''Nyctiphrynus''. It, the ocellated poorwill (''N. ocellatus''), and the
eared poorwill The eared poorwill (''Nyctiphrynus mcleodii'') is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is endemic to Mexico. Taxonomy and systematics The eared poorwill has sometimes been placed in genus ''Otophanes''. Two subspecies, the n ...
(''N. mcleodii'') are
sister species In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...
. Especially it and the eared poorwill are believed to be the closest living relatives due to the similarity in songs and
plumage Plumage () is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, there can b ...
characteristics. The Yucatan poorwill is
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...
.Arizmendi, M. d. C., C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, R. A. Behrstock, and T. S. Schulenberg (2020). Yucatan Poorwill (''Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yucpoo1.01 retrieved October 12, 2021


Description

The Yucatan poorwill is long, making it the smallest species of nightjar in the
Yucatán Peninsula The Yucatán Peninsula ( , ; ) is a large peninsula in southeast Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala. The peninsula extends towards the northeast, separating the Gulf of Mexico to the north and west of the peninsula from the C ...
. One male weighed and one female . Both sexes have a brown morph; there is also a rufous morph that is much more prevalent among females. The former is mostly dark grayish brown with a variety of dusky, gray, and black
vermiculation Vermiculation is a surface pattern of dense but irregular lines, so called from the Latin meaning "little worm" because the shapes resemble worms, worm casts, or worm tracks in mud or wet sand. The word may be used in a number of contexts for ...
and streaks. Its face is dark sooty brown to brownish black with brown vermiculation. It has a faint buffy collar on its nape and a white patch on the throat. The underparts are brown and gray vermiculation with black streaks. The tail is dull black with grayish buffy marks and the wing is rounded. The four outer pairs of feathers have broad white tips. The rufous morph replaces the grayish brown base color with reddish brown. However, the coloration of plumage of the species is diverse. A similar species, the eared poorwill (''N. mcleodii''), has longer wings, a distinct narrow collar on the hind neck, a rather plain upper body, a plainer lower body, and smaller white spots on the belly.


Distribution and habitat

The Yucatan poorwill is found in the Yucatán Peninsula. In Mexico it occurs in the states of
Campeche Campeche, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche, is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, make up the Administrative divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the sta ...
,
Yucatán Yucatán, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises 106 separate municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida. ...
(except the northern coastal strip), and
Quintana Roo Quintana Roo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 administrative divisions of Mexico, federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into municipalities of ...
. Its range extends into northeastern Guatemala and northern Belize. In the Shipstern Wildlife Reserve area of Belize, the yucatan poorwill has been observed to be inhabiting all year round and is usually found in small groups (less than 10) in specific habitats. In elevation it ranges from sea level to about . It inhabits a variety of landscapes including the interiors and edges of tropical, humid, and semi-humid forest as well as scrublands. It also appears to be abundant in deciduous forest, but one observation reveals that it is not commonly found in secondary shrubby forests in tropical rainforests. Its habitat is still not well known.


Behavior


Feeding

The Yucatan poorwill is
crepuscular In zoology, a crepuscular animal is one that is active primarily during the twilight period, being matutinal (active during dawn), vespertine (biology), vespertine/vespertinal (active during dusk), or both. This is distinguished from diurnalit ...
and
nocturnal Nocturnality is a ethology, behavior in some non-human animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnality, diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatur ...
. It forages at night in an open area and forages by sallying from a perch in a tree and perhaps from the ground. Its prey is insects but details are not known.


Breeding

The Yucatan poorwill's clutch of two eggs is laid directly on the ground without a nest. Its breeding season is from April to June in
Guatemala Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...
. Although the species and the
eared poorwill The eared poorwill (''Nyctiphrynus mcleodii'') is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is endemic to Mexico. Taxonomy and systematics The eared poorwill has sometimes been placed in genus ''Otophanes''. Two subspecies, the n ...
(''N. mcleodii'') are hard to distinguish, their eggs are different in color. While the eggs of ''N. yucatanicus'' have been described as yellowish-beige with brown spots, the eggs of ''N. mcleodii'' have been described as ivory white with no spots. When an intruder approaches the nest, the adult incubating eggs may try to keep the intruder away from the nest by making it look like the adult is injured when it lands (an injury-feigning distraction display) some distance from the nest. Essentially nothing else is known about its breeding
phenology Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation). Examples include the date of emergence of leav ...
.


Vocalization

The Yucatan poorwill's song is "a loud, slightly resonant ''whirr'' or ''whirrrr''". It is given at night from a tree perch, mostly between February and October. It also makes "a slightly liquid, at times accelerating ''puk-puk''...and a sharp ''week week week'' in flight". The latter is thought to be an alarm call. The song has been confused with the song of the yucatan nightjar (''Caprimulgus badius''). Its song is simple and repetitive. It starts a little above 1
kHz The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), often described as being equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose formal expression in terms of SI base uni ...
, peaks at 2.2kHz, and drops to 1kHz. Each song lasts for around 0.3 seconds with intervals of 1.5 - 1.8 seconds (see Figure 2 in Hardy & Straneck, 1989 ).


Status

The
IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...
originally assessed the Yucatan poorwill as Near Threatened but since 2004 has rated it as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and is generally fairly common to common, though its population is believed to be declining. No immediate threats have been identified.


References


External links


Yucatan Poorwill photo gallery
VIREO

oiseau
EOL Yucatan Poorwill
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1272771 Nyctiphrynus Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula Birds of Belize Birds of Guatemala Birds of Mexico Birds described in 1892 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot