Yellow Wolf (Comanche)
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Yellow Wolf (Comanche Isa-viah, spelled also “Sa-viah” and sometimes misspelled as “Sabaheit”, “Little Wolf”), Spirit Talker (Comanche Mukwooru)'s nephew and
Buffalo Hump Buffalo Hump ( Comanche ''Potsʉnakwahipʉ'' "Erection That Won't Go Down" euphemized to "Buffalo Bull's Back" ) (born c. 1800 — died post 1861 / ante 1867) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanches. He came to prominence after ...
(Comanche “Potsʉnakwahipʉ” "Buffalo Bull's Back")'s cousin and best support, (born ca. 1800 or 1805 — died 1854) was a War Chief of the Penateka division of the Comanche Indians. He came to prominence after the Council House Fight, when
Buffalo Hump Buffalo Hump ( Comanche ''Potsʉnakwahipʉ'' "Erection That Won't Go Down" euphemized to "Buffalo Bull's Back" ) (born c. 1800 — died post 1861 / ante 1867) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanches. He came to prominence after ...
called the Comanches and, along with Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna, led them in the Great Raid of 1840.


Early life

Yellow Wolf's youthful life and warrior training, as well as Buffalo Hump's, went likely under their uncle Mukwooru’s, chief and shaman of the Penateka people, guidance. In 1829 both the young war chiefs, Buffalo Hump and his partner and alter-ego Yellow Wolf, went northward after a Cheyenne raiding party to recover a stolen big herd of Comanche horses and fight the Cheyenne warriors, as their more northern kinsmen
Yamparika The Comanche (), or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (, 'the people'), are a Tribe (Native American), Native American tribe from the Great Plains, Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the List of federally recognized tri ...
,
Kotsoteka The Comanche (), or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (, 'the people'), are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma ...
, Nokoni and
Kwahadi The Comanche (), or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (, 'the people'), are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma ...
warriors too were accustomed to do under their leaders like
Ten Bears Ten Bears (Comanche: ''Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ'', Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties and older documents) (November 23, 1872) was the principal chief of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from ca. 186 ...
, Tawaquenah (“Big Eagle” or “Sun Eagle”), Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati (“Tall Tree”),
Iron Jacket Iron Jacket (, ; born died 1858) was a Native American War Chief and Chief of the Quahadi band of Comanche Native Americans. Fehrenbach, T. R. (1974) ''"Comanches, The Destruction of a People'' Iron Jacket was a Comanche chieftain and medicin ...
, and also their allies the Kiowa, fighting in the Arkansas River country against their
Cheyenne The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o (more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio) and the (also spelled Tsitsistas, The term for th ...
and
Arapaho The Arapaho ( ; , ) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota. By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed t ...
foes. The Penateka party raided a Cheyenne encampment near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent's Corral, (Huerfano River) and stole the entire horse herd, but, while going back to the Comanche villages, the famous Cheyenne chief Yellow Wolf pursued them with about twenty Cheyenne warriors; Yellow Wolf (the Cheyenne) didn't engage the Penateka party, too near the Comanche encampments, but his Cheyenne raiders stole again the herd, taking advantage of their rifles to keep away the Comanche pursuers. In 1829 Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump led an expedition to raid the settlements in the Guadalupe valley, messing up Mukwooru and Incoroy's to stipulate a peace agreement with the Mexicans, but conquering a fame as raiders among the Mexican people. In 1835 both the cousins, Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump, led 300 Comanche warriors in an attack against Parral, in the Sierra Madre occidental ( Chihuahua). Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna were by then the most important war leaders of the Penateka Comanches, and in 1838, when Buffalo Hump accompanied the peace chiefs Mukwooru,
Amorous Man The Amorous Man (,, ; – p. 1852) was a civil chief of the "Honey-Eaters" or Penateka band of the Comanche. The height of his prominence was in the 1830s and 1840s. Early life Nothing is known of his youth or early years. Amorous Man was ...
, and
Old Owl Old Owl (Comanche language, Comanche, ''Mupitsukupʉ'') (c. late 1780s – 1849) was a Native Americans in the United States, Native American Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanche Indians. Early life Nothing is known of his youth or early y ...
to meet Texan President
Sam Houston Samuel Houston (, ; March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American general and statesman who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two indi ...
in Houston city, where they subscribed a treaty; Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna remained in charge of the warriors, to ensure the security of the delegation, and everyway the leadership of the warriors, in case of treachery. When, in December 1838,
Mirabeau Lamar Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 – December 19, 1859) was an American attorney, politician, poet, and leading political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was elected as the second president of the Republic of Texas after Sa ...
, a partisan of the clash with the Indians and of their expulsion from
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
, succeeded Houston, fighting went on.


The Council House Fight

In March 1840, under Lamar's Presidency, the Comanche chiefs agreed to a meeting in the Council House at
San Antonio San Antonio ( ; Spanish for " Saint Anthony") is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the most populous city in Greater San Antonio. San Antonio is the third-largest metropolitan area in Texas and the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the ...
in
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
with the intention to negotiate a peace treaty with the
Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas (), or simply Texas, was a country in North America that existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, an ...
. A Comanche delegation (65 people, with a dozen chiefs of several bands and several women too), led by Mukwooru and Kwihnai ("Eagle") came under a white flag of truce as they understood ambassadors should do. The Texans had expected the Comanches to bring several white captives as part of the agreement, but the chiefs explained they had brought the one only captive they had (16-year-old Mathilda Lockhart). The Texans did not understand the chiefs had no power over the other bands to force them to comply with the demands, and pulled out guns telling the Indians they were now their prisoners until the rest of the white captives were returned. The Comanches, who had entered the Council House without bows, lances or guns, fought back with their knives, but The Texans had concealed their soldiers just outside the Council House. At the onset of the fighting, the windows and doors were opened and the soldiers outside shot into the room through the Comanches: 35 Comanches (among them all the chiefs, three women and two children) were slain and 29 were captured; seven Texans were killed too; Mukwooru's widow was sent back to her people to warn them that, unless all the white prisoners kept by the Comanches would be relinquished, the Comanche prisoners at San Antonio would be killed. This betrayal marked permanently as treacherous people the Texans in the eyes of the Comanche people, who felt their unarmed ambassadors had come in under a white flag of truce and, despite this, had been slaughtered.
Texas State Historical Association The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) is an American nonprofit educational and research organization dedicated to documenting the history of Texas. It was founded in Austin, Texas, United States, on March 2, 1897. In November 2008, the ...
Isimanica lined up 300 warriors in front of San Antonio, challenging the Texan militia, locked-up in San Josè Mission, to come out and fight, but the Texans did not oblige. After this, Piava, a minor chief, brought to San Antonio three white prisoners, but probably the Comanches killed the others. Amorous Man and Old Owl became the Penateka principal chiefs, with Buffalo Hump as the principal war chief and Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna as his lieutenants and partners.


The Great Raid of 1840

In the summer Buffalo Hump called a council; spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna were going for a great raid against the white settlements in Texas as a revenge; in the meanwhile, Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and Isimanica, with 400 warriors, were raiding the settlements between Bastrop and San Antonio, exhausting the Rangers and Militia's detachments. When they were ready, in late July 1840, Old Owl too joined the biggest war party. According to the Comanche tradition, all the principal Comanche chiefs took part in the Great Raid: if so, also Ten Bears, Tawaquenah, Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati, Iron Jacket, and possibly their allies the Kiowa, like Dohasan and Satank, could have had a role. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of
Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Queen Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India * Victoria (state), a state of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a provincial capital * Victoria, Seychelles, the capi ...
and Linnville on the Texas coast. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns. The Comanches killed a large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses.


The Battle of Plum Creek

On the way back from the sea, the Comanches easily defeated three different Militia detachments under John Tomlinson, Adam Zumvalt and Ben McCulloch (all together, 125 men) near the Garcitas Creek; then, overwhelmed another Militia company (90 men) led by Lafayette Ward, James Bird and Matthew Caldwell along the trail to the San Marcos River; Texan forces were rallied under gen. Felix Huston: finally, mustered all the Rangers companies of central and western Texas, under Jack Hays and
Ben McCulloch Brigadier-General Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a major-general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army (United States Volunteers) ...
, and Texian militia from Bastrop and Gonzales, respectively under Ed Burleson and Mathew Caldwell, they were attacked by Texas Rangers and Militia at the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart. The Indians got away with a great many of the stolen horses and most of their plunder. Volunteers from Gonzales had gathered to attempt to stop the war party and together with all the ranger companies of east and central Texas, moved to intercept the Indians, which they did at Plum Creek, near the city of Lockhart on August 12, 1840. 80 Comanches were reported killed in the running gun battle (although only 12 bodies were recovered), unusually heavy casualties for the Indians, although they got away with the bulk of their plunder and stolen horses. The “defeated Comanches”, on their side, did value this fight as a such great victory to enhance the chiefs’ prestige.


The borders of “Comancheria” in Texas

In January–February 1841 Yellow Wolf led 80 warriors to the western outskirts of San Antonio, killing two Mexicans and a black sheepherder and then attacking a wagon train of Irish immigrants and catching their cattle; a Texas Rangers party (17 Rangers and two Lipan scouts) under John Coffee Hays reached them while coming back to the Comanche encampments between the Guadalupe and the Colorado Rivers. In the fight, near Pinta Trail Crossing on the Guadalupe River, the Comanches were reported to suffer 23 dead, 13 deadly wounded and 24 wounded, largely due to the superior weaponry of the Rangers’ Paterson Colts and one Colt revolving-wheel rifle, and Yellow Wolf too was rather seriously wounded; the Rangers suffered only several wounded. Resettled Houston as president, in August 1843 the Comanches and Kiowas made a truce agreement with Texas and, in October, the Comanches – Penateka, but also Nokoni, Kotsoteka and Kwahadi - interested in fixing the Comancheria border

agreed to meet the Texan President and discuss a peace treaty similar to the one made with the Wichitas and the Indians removed from the East in the same 1843 at Fort Bird. Buffalo Hump (demonstrating his faith in Houston), the peace chiefs Amorous Man, Old Owl and others, the Kiowas and Katakas (“Kiowa Apahes”) and the Wichita people, Wichitas (Kanoatino, Waco, Taweash, Tawakoni, Keechi) agreed to free their white prisoners Fehrenbach, Theodore R. ''Comanches, The Destruction of a People'', Knopf, New York, 1974 and signed the
Treaty of Tehuacana Creek The Treaty of Tehuacana Creek (or the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce) was signed at Tehuacana Creek on October 9, 1844 between representatives from the Republic of Texas and various Native American tribes. The tribes involved in the sig ...
in October 1844, but Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna (believing perhaps in Houston, but not in the Texans) refused to sign.Dickson Schilz Jodye Lynn, Schilz Thomas F., ''Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches'', Texas Western Press, University of Texas, El Paso, 1989 When, in ratifying the Tehuacana treaty, the Senate of Texas Republic erased the reference to the Comancheria borders, the Texan bad faith and Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna's suspicions were confirmed, so Buffalo Hump aligned with his cousin, who had proved himself to have been more realistic than the major leader in evaluating the white man's concern for a fair and lasting peace, and the third war chief, and denounced the Tehuacana treaty and resumed hostilities. Annexed Texas to the United States, in May 1846 Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna, aware they weren't strong enough to oppose U.S.A. nor stop the ceaseless and massive flow of the immigrants, agreed to meet the U.S. delegates at Council Springs and signed a new treaty;Dickson Schilz Jodye Lynn, ''Buffalo Hump from the Handbook of Texas Online'', Texas State Historical Association, retrieved, 2010 Buffalo Hump declined an invitation to go to Washington and meet President James Polk, and joined Yellow Wolf in a great raiding party going to Mexico. In 1847 Yellow Wolf apparently didn't take part in the
San Saba River The San Saba River is a river in Texas, United States. It is an undeveloped and scenic waterway located on the northern boundary of the Edwards Plateau. Course The river begins in two primary branches. The North Valley Prong runs east throu ...
council, when some Penateka chiefs (Old Owl, Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna) met the Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors, Johann O. von Meusebach and the German immigrants united in the “Adelsverein” and authorized them to settle Fredicksburg, in the grant they had bought between the Llano and the Guadalupe rivers. Still in May 1847 Amorous Man, Old Owl, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna met again Neighbors only to apprehend that U.S. Senate had suppressed the article of Council Springs treaty forbidding the white people to encroach in the Comanche territory: among their useless protests by the chiefs, Santa Anna claimed the right to raid into Mexico, and since the United States was at war with Mexico, Neighbors raised no objections, so Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna led some hundreds of warriors into Coahuila and Chihuahua, burning villages, stealing horses and kidnapping women and children all the way to San Francisco del Oro during the summer; coming back, the Comanches were engaged by U.S. Dragoons near Parras, losing part of the booty; in August Yellow Wolf, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna were in Mexico again leading 800 warriors. During the latest years 1840s and the subsequent 1850s Yellow Wolf too, as Buffalo Hump, dealt almost peacefully with U.S. representatives and agents, and in 1849 he and Shanaco (son of a chief killed in the Council House of San Antonio) joined Buffalo Hump in the first part of the trail, as far as the Nokoni villages, to escort Robert S. Neighbors’ and John S. “Rip” Ford's expedition from San Antonio to El Paso; there, Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump entrusted their protegés to their old friend Huupi-pahati, the Nokoni chief, who brought the whites to their destination.Ford John.S., ''Rip Ford's Texas'' University of Texas Press, Austin, 1963, White men encroaching in “Comancheria” provoked clashes and, on November 16, 1850, Yellow Wolf led 100 Comanches to raid a wagon train at Cherry Spring, fourteen miles northwest of Fredericksburg: four teamsters were killed and three wounded. On December 10, 1850, anyway, Yellow Wolf joined Buffalo Hump in signing the Fort Martin Scott treaty. In 1851 Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump, again together in the field, led their warriors in a great raid into Mexico, raiding the states of Chihuahua and
Durango Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the 31 states which make up the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650 ...
.


End of the Penateka freedom

In September 1853 Yellow Wolf, Ketumse and Shanaco met Neighbors, appointed again as Indian agent, and asked the promised annuities (at first food and clothing) to be sent to the Comanche reservation and measures against the white squatters to be adopted; Neighbors, who did not have the authority to content them and knew the stubborn will of Texan Congress to take possession of the Indian country by promoting the claims of the white settlers and pursuing the removal of the Indian Nations, went on in his pressing in favor of an Indian reserves system, and the
Secretary of War The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the ...
Jefferson Davis Jefferson F. Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States of America, president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the Unite ...
suggested to buy part of the lands assigned by Government to the removed Choctaw in western
Oklahoma Oklahoma ( ; Choctaw language, Choctaw: , ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northea ...
; Neighbors suggested instead to settle two small reserves on the Brazos River. In the 1854 summer, Neighbors and Capt. Randolph B. Marcy carried out a reconnaissance and located two areas, allocating to the Penatekas 18.576 acres on the Brazos Clear Fork, approximately five miles from Camp Cooper. In November Neighbors went to the Penateka winter camp and persuaded Buffalo Hump and the far more malleable Shanaco, Ketumse, and Asa-havey to go and settle in the reserve, but Yellow Wolf, who was still pressing for the recognition of a border between Texas and Comancheria, left the council, flatly refusing to go. One week later Yellow Wolf was killed by a party of Lipan hunters. After Yellow Wolf's killing in the summer 1854, Buffalo Hump temporized almost two years more,Buffalo Hump, a Comanche Diplomat:
West Texas Historical Association The West Texas Historical Association is an organization of both academics and laypersons dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the total history of West Texas, loosely defined geographically as all Texas counties and portions of cou ...
Yearbook 35 (1959)
but in 1856 finally led his Penatekas to the Brazos and, despite his misgivings, settled on the reserve.


See also

* Texas–Indian wars *
John Coffee Hays John Coffee Hays (January 28, 1817 – April 21, 1883) was an American military officer. A captain in the Texas Ranger Division, Texas Rangers and a military officer of the Republic of Texas, Hays served in several armed conflicts from 1836 to 1 ...
, admired by Chief Buffalo Hump


References


Bibliography

* Wallace, Ernest & Hoebel, E. Adamson ''The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952 * Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson & Schilz, Thomas F. ''Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches'', Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989 * Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. ''Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983 * Leckie, William H. ''The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967 * Fowler, Arlen L. ''The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996 * Brown, Dee. ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West'', Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970 * Bial, Raymond. ''Lifeways: The Comanche''. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000. * Brice, Donaly E. ''The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic'' McGowan Book Co. 1987 * "Comanche
Skyhawks Native American Dedication
(August 15, 2005) * Brown, Dee. ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West'', Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970 * Chalafant, William J. ''Without Quarter: the Wichita Expedition and the fight on Crooked Creek'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991 * Dunnegan, Ted

(August 19, 2005) * Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed ''The Comanches: The Destruction of a People''. New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) republished under the title ''The Comanches: The History of a People'' * Foster, Morris. ''Being Comanche''. * Fowler, Arlen L. ''The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996 * Frazier, Ian. ''Great Plains''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989. * Hagan, William T. ''Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976 * Haley, James L. ''The Buffalo War: the History of the Red River Indians Uprising of 1874'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976 * John, Elizabeth and Storms, A.H. ''Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest'', 1540–1795. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1975. * Jones, David E. Sanapia: ''Comanche Medicine Woman''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. * Leckie, William H. ''The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967 * Lodge, Sally.'' Native American People: The Comanche''. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992. * Lund, Bill. ''Native Peoples: The Comanche Indians''. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Books, 1997. * Mooney, Martin. ''The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians''. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993. * Newcomb, William W. Jr. ''The Indians of Texas: from Prehistorics to Modern Times'', University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972 * Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. ''Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
Native Americans: Comanche
(August 13, 2005). * Richardson, Rupert N. ''The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier''. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933. * Rollings, Willard. ''Indians of North America: The Comanche''. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. * Secoy, Frank. ''Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains''. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953. * Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson and Schilz, Thomas F. ''Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches'', Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989 * Streissguth, Thomas. ''Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche''. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
"The Texas Comanches" on Texas Indians
(August 14, 2005). * Wallace, Ernest, and Hoebel, E. Adamson ''The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952. * Webb, Walter Prescott ''The Texas Rangers: a Century of Frontier Defense'', University of Texas Press, Austin, 1983
"Comanche" on the History Channel
(August 26, 2005)


External links


Buffalo Hump
in the ''
Handbook of Texas The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) is an American nonprofit educational and research organization dedicated to documenting the history of Texas. It was founded in Austin, Texas, United States, on March 2, 1897. In November 2008, the ...
Online''
Map of Comancheria
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow Wolf Comanche people Native American leaders Native American people of the Indian Wars 1840 in the United States Battles involving the Comanche Texas–Indian Wars Native American history of Texas 1800s births 1854 deaths Year of birth uncertain