Yanyuwa Language
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Yanyuwa () is the language of the Yanyuwa people of the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria outside Borroloola () in the
Northern Territory The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...
, Australia. Yanyuwa, like many other
Australian Aboriginal languages The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intellig ...
, is a highly
agglutinative In linguistics, agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes (word parts), each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglu ...
language with ergative-absolutive alignment, whose grammar is pervaded by a set of 16
noun class In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some ...
es whose agreements are complicated and numerous. Yanyuwa is a critically
endangered language An endangered language or moribund language is a language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a " dead langua ...
. The anthropologist John Bradley has worked with the Yanyuwa people for three decades and is also a speaker of Yanyuwa. He has produced a large dictionary and grammar of the language, along with a cultural atlas in collaboration with a core group of senior men and women.


Classification

Dixon (2002), who rejects the validity of Pama–Nyungan, accepts that Yanyuwa is demonstrably related to Warluwara and languages closely related to it.


Speech styles

In Yanyuwa, certain words have synonyms used to replace the everyday term in certain cultural situations.


Avoidance speech

Avoidance speech is speech style used when talking to or near certain relatives: one's siblings and cousins of the opposite sex, one's brother-in-law, sister-in-law, father-in-law and mother-in-law, and one's nieces and nephews if their father (for male speakers) or their mother (for female speakers) has died. Occasionally, avoidance speech takes the form of different affixes to usual speech, but generally, it is simply a change in vocabulary. For example, a digging stick is usually referred to as , but when talking to one of the above relatives, the word used is . An example of avoidance speech is given below:


Ritual speech

Another set of vocabulary is used during ceremonies and other ritual occasions. Many of the words used in ritual speech are sacred and kept secret. For example, a dingo is usually referred to as , but during ritual occasions, the word used is . That is one ritual term which is known to the general public, as are some other terms for flora and fauna.


Island speech

When on the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands, which is part of Yanyuwa territory, another set of vocabulary may be used to replace the terms used when on the mainland. There is more variance about the usage of island speech than the other speech styles. For example, on the mainland, fishing is referred to as , but on the islands, the word used is .


Phonology

Yanyuwa is extremely unusual in having 7
places of articulation In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is an approximate location along the vocal tract where its production occurs. It is a point where a constriction is made between an active and a pa ...
for stops, compared to 3 for English and 4–6 for most other
Australian languages The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intellig ...
. In common with many other Australian languages, it does not observe a voicing distinction between consonants.


Consonants


Vowels


Morphology


Noun classes

Yanyuwa has 16
noun class In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some ...
es, distinguished by prefixes. In some cases, different prefixes are used, depending on whether the speaker is a male or a female.


Notes

: Women's speech. : Men's speech. : is a more formal female/feminine prefix often used in elicitations, and is the informal everyday form. There is only one word in Yanyuwa, "girl", in which the prefix is always used. That distinguishes it from the men's speech form "boy" for which women say . : is used to indicate no prefix.


Male and female dialects

Yanyuwa is unusual among languages of the world in that it has separate dialects for men and for women at the morphological level. The only time that men use the women's dialect is if they are quoting someone of the opposite sex and vice versa. An example of this speech is provided below: The BBC reported in 2018 that there were 3 fluent female speakers worldwide.


Media


Films

Yanyuwa-speakers have actively engaged in making a number of films, and more recently have begun a project to animate important stories and songlines. These include three important films, all of which have extensive narratives in Yanyuwa, with subtitles: * '' – Two Laws'', * '' – Journey East'', * '' – Aeroplane Dance''.


Music

Singer Shellie Morris released in May 2013 a song album '' – Together We are Strong'', with songs in Yanyuwa.CD Launch "Ngambala Wiji Li-Wunungu — Together We are Strong"


References


External links



demonstrating the seven POAs.
Yanyuwa Wuka: Language from Yanyuwa Country – a Yanyuwa Dictionary and Cultural Resource
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanyuwa Language Agglutinative languages Ngarna languages Endangered indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory