Xu Zhiyong ( zh, s=许志永, p=Xǔ Zhìyǒng; born March 2, 1973) is a Chinese civil rights activist and formerly a lecturer at the
Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications. He was one of the founders of the NGO
Open Constitution Initiative and an active rights lawyer in China who campaigned against corruption and helped those underprivileged. He is the main founder and icon of the
New Citizens' Movement in China. In January 2014 he was sentenced to four years in prison for "gathering crowds to disrupt public order".
He was detained again on February 15, 2020, in the southern city of
Guangzhou
Guangzhou, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Guangdong Provinces of China, province in South China, southern China. Located on the Pearl River about nor ...
after two months in hiding, for his participation in a meeting of rights activists and lawyers in
Xiamen
Xiamen,), also known as Amoy ( ; from the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation, zh, c=, s=, t=, p=, poj=Ē͘-mûi, historically romanized as Amoy, is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian, People's Republic of China, beside the Taiwan Stra ...
in December 2019 in which "democratic transition in China" was discussed. He was sentenced for subversion to 14 years in jail on April 10, 2023.
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Personal life
Xu was born in Minquan County, Henan
Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the historical capitals of China, Lu ...
Province in 1973. He was married to Cui Zheng (), a journalist. Their daughter was born on January 13, 2014, while Xu was in a detention center facing trial. He had been in hiding since late 2019 and was detained by Chinese police on February 15, 2020. In March 2021, his partner Li Qiaochu was reported to have been arrested for tweeting that Xu and another activist had been tortured while in detention.
Career and activism
Xu received his Bachelor of Law degree from Lanzhou University in 1994 and Doctor of Law degree from Peking University
Peking University (PKU) is a Public university, public Types of universities and colleges in China#By designated academic emphasis, university in Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of the Peop ...
in 2002.
The Gongmeng era
In 2003, he was elected to the Haidian District People's Congress as an independent. He won the re-election in 2006. In the 2011 election, Xu was excluded from the official candidate list due to government pressure and he lost to Fang Binxing ("''Father of China's Great Firewall''"), but he still gathered more than 3,500 votes out of 22,000 voters in his district.
Xu helped found the public interest group Gongmeng, also known as the Open Constitution Initiative.
Unlike other human rights activists, Xu firmly and carefully pushed his calls for political change and social justice in existing laws, and his group has been regarded as relatively cautious and conservative. In his recent interview before his arrest, he described his dream as follows:
Xu's final remarks post trial also made rounds within Chinese dissident communities abroad in which he described goal of the New Citizens' Movement as follows:
The 2009 Gongmeng incident
On July 29, 2009, he was arrested at his home, and detained by Chinese authorities on charges of tax evasion.[ At the same time Xu's colleague Zhuang Lu was also arrested by authorities.]
The Open Constitution Initiative was fined 1.46 million RMB on July 14, 2009, for 'dodging taxes' and was shut down by the authorities by declaring it "illegal".
Xu Zhiyong was released on bail on August 23, 2009.[ The Australian newspaper '']The Age
''The Age'' is a daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, that has been published since 1854. Owned and published by Nine Entertainment, ''The Age'' primarily serves Victoria (Australia), Victoria, but copies also sell in Tasmania, the Austral ...
'' reported that the release of Xu, Zhuang and another Chinese dissident, Ilham Tohti, was in part due to pressure on Beijing from the administration of American President Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...
.
Post-Gongmeng era, New Citizens' Movement, 2013 arrest
After Gongmeng was shut down, Xu Zhiyong and supporters adopted the name "Citizens" to continue their cause. In May 2012, Xu formally established the "New Citizens' Movement" and "New Citizens' Spirit" as the high-level concept of their activism.
In 2013, Xu was placed under house arrest for more than three months, before being formally arrested on August 22. His trial started on January 22, 2014. Xu and his lawyer Zhang Qingfang remained silent throughout the trial (except for his closing statement) to protest the violation of basic legal procedure. Xu's closing statement was cut short by the judge, but the text was circulated on the internet and raised tremendous support. On January 26, Xu was sentenced to four years in prison for "gathering crowds to disrupt public order".[ Prior to the verdict, whose date had been expected, lawyer Zhang said about the case: "We can say it was decided even before the trial." He was released in 2017.]
2020 arrest
Xu and other human rights activists were wanted by police for their participation in a meeting in Xiamen
Xiamen,), also known as Amoy ( ; from the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation, zh, c=, s=, t=, p=, poj=Ē͘-mûi, historically romanized as Amoy, is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian, People's Republic of China, beside the Taiwan Stra ...
on December 13, 2019 where "democratic transition in China" was discussed.[ In February 2020, while in hiding, through postings on social media, Xu publicly asked ]Chinese Communist Party
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...
general secretary
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, Power (social and political), power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the org ...
Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping, pronounced (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China), chairman of the Central Military Commission ...
to resign, for what he described as an obvious inability to handle the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
. He was arrested in Guangzhou on February 15, 2020, according to two fellow activists.
In November 2021, Liang Xiaojun, the lawyer of Xu, had his license cancelled by authorities, with the notification letter citing his online support for Falun Gong and "vilifying" the Chinese constitution and laws. Liang said he had spoken a day earlier via video chat with Xu, who according to Liang was in good health and unshaken in his dissident convictions.[
On March 18, 2022, ahead of the EU-China summit, Xu was among the shortlist of human rights defenders called for release in a joint NGO letter to the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council.
On June 13, 2022, the Intermediate People's Court of Linyi issued a notice of a pretrial meeting scheduled for June 17. Lawyers and a rights group said on June 17 that Xu would stand trial for "subversion" on June 22. He had been indicted on that charge in August 2021, and there had been no information about him since. On April 10, 2023, Xu was sentenced after a closed trial to 14 years in prison; fellow human rights lawyer Ding Jiaxi was sentenced to 12 years on the same charge.][ In response, UN Human Rights Chief ]Volker Türk
Volker Türk (born 27 August 1965) is an Austrian lawyer and United Nations official. He has been the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights since October 2022.
Career Early years
In 1991, Türk became a UN Junior Professional Officer and ha ...
published his statement, "I am very concerned that two prominent human rights defenders in China – Ding Jiaxi and Xu Zhiyong – have been sentenced to lengthy prison terms, at variance with international human rights law standards." Ding and Xu's convictions were upheld in November 2023.
Prominent writings and speeches
* Xu Zhiyong's closing statement in court (January 22, 2014
ChineseEnglish
(translated by ChinaChange.org)
* The Last Ten Years, China's rights movement through the work of Gong Meng
English
(translated by ChinaChange.org)
* A trip to Ngaba, (the Tibetan prefecture in Northern Sichuan province where many Tibetans have self-immolated over the last four years or so. A shorter version of the essay was published in the New York Times in December 2012)
English
(translated by ChinaChange.org)
* New Citizens' Movement, a "manifesto" published on May 29, 2012
English
translated by ChinaChange.org)
* ''To Build a Free China: A Citizen's Journey'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, 2017.
* In an open letter addressed to Chinese Paramount leader Xi Jinping, published on 4 February 2020 while Xu was sought by authorities, he accused the Xiong'an project to be "political" and cited it as an instance in which Xi had allegedly shown lack of capability in office. Xu was arrested later that month.
Awards
* ''Foreign Policy
Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...
'' – Top 100 Global Thinkers, 2013
* PEN America
PEN America (formerly PEN American Center), founded in 1922, and headquartered in New York City, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose goal is to raise awareness for the protection of free expression in the United States and worldwide th ...
– PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award, 2020. Xu's partner Li Qiaochu, also an activist, accepted the award on his behalf in December 2020.
* Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...
Nominee, 2024
** On January 31, 2024, Chair Representative Smith Christopher and Co-chair Senator Jeff Merkley of the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China nominated Xu to receive the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his "commitment to human rights and peace in China".
See also
* Weiquan movement
* New Citizens' Movement (China)
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xu, Zhiyong
1973 births
Living people
People from Shangqiu
Independent politicians in the People's Republic of China
Chinese human rights activists
Chinese dissidents
Chinese anti-communists
Weiquan movement
Chinese prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China
Lanzhou University alumni
Peking University alumni