''Xenophrys'' is a genus of

amphibian Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniote, anamniotic, tetrapod, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class (biology), class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all Tetrapod, tetrapods, but excl ...

s in the family

Megophryidae Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to t ...

. They are found in southeastern

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

(including China and northeastern India) to

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

. Their common name is strange-horned toads.

Conservation

Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' species that the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the stat ...

has evaluated, most are either "

Data Deficient A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessaril ...

" or of "

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been evaluated and categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as not being a focus of wildlife conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wil ...

". However, one species is considered "

Critically Endangered An IUCN Red List critically endangered (CR or sometimes CE) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. As of December 2023, of t ...

" ('' Xenophrys damrei'') "

Endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching, inv ...

" ('' Xenophrys takensis''), one is " Vulnerable" ('' Xenophrys auralensis''), and six are "

Near Threatened A near-threatened species is a species which has been Conservation status, categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to Endangered species, endangerment in the ne ...

Taxonomy

The genus was previously found to be strongly

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

, and awaiting a better solution, they were synonymized in the genus ''

Megophrys ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned toads. Th ...

''. Following subsequent studies and reclassification, the genus has been revalidated.

Species

Presently, ''

Amphibian Species of the World ''Amphibian Species of the World 6.2: An Online Reference'' (ASW) is a herpetology database. It lists the names of frogs, salamanders and other amphibians, which scientists first described each species and what year, and the animal's known range ...

'' classifies the following 31 species in ''Xenophrys'': * ''

Xenophrys aceras ''Xenophrys aceras'', commonly known as the Perak horned toad, Perak spadefoot toad or Malayan horned frog, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae found in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, and possibly in Indonesia. Its common name refe ...

'' (Boulenger, 1903) — Perak horned toad * ''

Xenophrys ancrae ''Xenophrys ancrae'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. Its type locality is Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve, Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, ...

'' (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Namdapha horned toadfrog * ''

Xenophrys apatani ''Xenophrys apatani'', is a species of horned toad of ''Xenophrys'' genus, discovered from Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. The species is named after Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. This leaf litter dwelling frog belongs to the family ...

'' Saikia et al., 2024Bhaskar Saikia, Bikramjit Sinha, A. Shabnam, et al. 2024. On A New Species of Xenophrys (Anura: Megophryidae) from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India with Comments on the earlier erroneous report as X. maosonensis (Bourret, 1937). Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 124 (Special issue of ATS 2024); 21-40. * '' Xenophrys auralensis'' (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002) — Aural horned toad * ''

Xenophrys awuh ''Xenophrys awuh'', the Naga hills horned frog, is a species of frog belonging to the ''Xenophrys'' genus. It is found in an elevation range of . It is endemic to India and Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ...

'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Naga Hills horned frog * '' Xenophrys damrei'' (Mahony, 2011) — Damrei horned toad * ''

Xenophrys dzukou ''Xenophrys'' is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads. Conservation Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' species ...

'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Dzükou Valley horned frog * ''

Xenophrys flavipunctata ''Xenophrys'' is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads. Conservation Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' species ...

'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — yellow spotted white-lipped horned frog * ''

Xenophrys glandulosa ''Xenophrys glandulosa'', the glandular horned toad or Jingdong spadefoot toad is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae found in Yunnan in China, in Nagaland in northeastern India, and in northern Kachin State, Myanmar. It has recentl ...

'' (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990) — glandular horned toad * ''

Xenophrys himalayana ''Xenophrys'' is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads. Conservation Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' species ...

'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Himalayan horned frog * ''

Xenophrys lekaguli ''Xenophrys lekaguli'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Southeast Asia and is known from the Chanthaburi and Sa Kaeo Provinces in eastern Thailand and from the Cardamom Mountains in Pursat Province, western Camb ...

'' (Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006) — Lekagul's horned toad * ''

Xenophrys longipes ''Xenophrys longipes'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is also known as the Malacca spadefoot toad, red legged spine-eyed frog, red-legged horn frog, and slender-legged horned frog. It is found in the Malay Peninsula (Peninsul ...

'' (Boulenger, 1886) — red-legged horned toad * ''

Xenophrys major ''Xenophrys major'' is a species of toad Toad (also known as a hoptoad) is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoi ...

'' (Boulenger, 1908) — Great Stream horned toad * '' Xenophrys mangshanensis'' (Fei and Ye, 1990) — Mangshan horned toad * '' Xenophrys maosonensis'' (Bourret, 1937) — Maoson horned toad * '' Xenophrys medogensis'' (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983) — Medog horned toad * '' Xenophrys megacephala'' (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011) — big-headed horned frog * '' Xenophrys monticola'' Günther, 1864 — mountain horned frog * '' Xenophrys numhbumaeng'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Tamenglong horned frog * '' Xenophrys oreocrypta'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Garo white-lipped horned frog * '' Xenophrys oropedion'' (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Shyllong horned toad * '' Xenophrys pachyproctus'' (Huang, 1981) — convex-vented horned toad * '' Xenophrys periosa'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — giant Himalayan horned frog * '' Xenophrys robusta'' (Boulenger, 1908) — robust horned toad * '' Xenophrys serchhipii'' Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Serchhip horned toad * '' Xenophrys takensis'' (Mahony, 2011) — Tak horned toad * '' Xenophrys truongsonensis'' Luong, Hoang, Pham, Nguyen, Orlov, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022 — Truongson horned toad * '' Xenophrys vegrandis'' (Mahony, Teeling, Biju, 2013) * '' Xenophrys yeae'' (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Ye's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zhangi'' (Ye and Fei, 1992) — Zhang's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zhoui'' (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Zhou's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zunhebotoensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Zunheboto horned toad

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q921059 Amphibians of Asia Taxa named by Albert Günther Taxonomy articles created by Polbot