genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of mostly
foliose lichen
Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in divers ...
species in the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family
Teloschistaceae
The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family, estimated to contain over 1800 species, was extensively revised in 2013, including the creation ...
circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every po ...
by Swedish lichenologist
Erik Acharius
Erik Acharius (10 October 1757 – 14 August 1819) was a Swedish botanist who pioneered the Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of lichens and is known as the "father of lichenology." Acharius was famously the last pupil of Carl Linnaeus.
Life
Ac ...
in Johann Albert Luyken's 1809 publication ''Tentamen historiae lichenum'', although he did not assign any species to the genus. The following year, Acharius included ''Dufourea'' in his influential work ''Lichenographia Universalis'' and included six species. Luyken had studied under Acharius in Sweden and had access to Acharius's work before it was published; because his text about the genus is a partial transcription of Acharius's work (and he acknowledged Acharius), Acharius is credited as the author of the name as well as the description. All six species that Acharius included in ''Dufourea'' are now classified in different genera. A
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...
for the genus, ''
Dufourea flammea
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
'', was selected by
Giuseppe De Notaris
Giuseppe De Notaris (18 April 1805, Milan – 22 January 1877) was an Italian botanist generally known for his work with cryptogams native to Italy.
He studied medicine at the University of Pavia, obtaining his medical degree in 1830. Having de ...
in 1846. The genus was resurrected for use in 2013 following a large-scale
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
analysis of the family Teloschistaceae. ''Dufourea'' species are grouped in a clade with a
sister taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and ...
relationship to genus ''
Xanthoria
''Xanthoria'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. Common names include orange lichen,
The generic name ''Dufourea'' honours French medical doctor and naturalist Léon Jean Marie (or Jean-Marie Léon) Dufour (1780–1865).
Description
''Dufourea'' lichens occur in the Southern Hemisphere, with several species from South Africa and Australia. Most species are
foliose
Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in divers ...
(bushy) and relatively large, and lack true
rhizine
In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures, arising mostly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their ...
s, although some species have short rhizine-like structures.
Species
,
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names ( scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of ...
Dufourea angustata
''Dufourea angustata'' is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed across Australia.
Taxonomy
The lichen was formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kond ...
''
*''
Dufourea australis
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea bonae-spei
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea capensis
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea dissectula
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea doidgeae
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea elixii
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea filsonii
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea flammea
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea incavata
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea inflata
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea karrooensis
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hyme ...
Dufourea sipmanii
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hyme ...
''
*''
Dufourea streimannii
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
*''
Dufourea turbinata
''Dufourea'' is a genus of Halictidae, sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamil ...
''
*''
Dufourea volkmarwirthii
''Dufourea'' is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in ''Dufourea''.Sharkey M.J. (2007). ''Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera''."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hym ...
''
Former species;
* ''D. arctica'' = ''
Dactylina arctica
''Dactylina arctica'' is a species of fungus within the family Parmeliaceae. Common names for this lichen are finger lichen and Arctic finger lichen. A specific area in which this lichen occurs is represented by the boreal forests of Canada.C ...
'',
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 ...
family
* ''D. ceratites'' = ''
Siphula ceratites
''Siphula'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the Icmadophilaceae family. The widespread genus contains about 33 species. ''Siphula'' was circumscribed by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1831.
Species
*'' Siphula abbatiana''
*'' Siphula abs ...
'',
Icmadophilaceae
The Icmadophilaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Pertusariales
The Pertusariales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains the following families: Agyriaceae, Coccotremataceae, Icmadophilaceae, Megas ...
* ''D. collodes'' = ''
Cladia aggregata
''Cladia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. ''Cladia'' species have a crustose lichen, crustose primary thallus and a fruticose lichen, fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species ...
'',
Cladoniaceae
The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (''Cladonia'') belong ...
* ''D. flabellata'' = ''
Bunodophoron flabellatum
''Bunodophoron'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae.
Species
, Species Fungorum accepts 18 species of ''Bunodophoron'':
*'' Bunodophoron australe''
*'' Bunodophoron coomerense''
*'' Bunodophoron crespoae''
*''B ...
'',
Sphaerophoraceae
The Sphaerophoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution, especially in southern temperate regions. Sphaerophoraceae was circumscribed by mycologist Elias Magnus Frie ...
Cenozosia inanis
''Cenozosia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae
The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family name is synonymous with the name ''Bacidiaceae''. Species of this family have a ...
'',
Ramalinaceae
The Ramalinaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family name is synonymous with the name ''Bacidiaceae''. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.
Genera
*'' Aciculopsora''
*''Adelolecia''
*'' Arth ...
* ''D. madreporiformis'' = ''
Allocetraria madreporiformis
''Allocetraria'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It consists of 12 species, with a center of distribution in China.
Systematics
The genus was circumscribed by Syo Kurokawa and Ming-Jou Lai in 1991, with three species ...
'', Parmeliaceae
* ''D. mollusca'' = ''
Combea mollusca
''Combea'' is a genus of lichens in the family Opegraphaceae. It has two species. The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De Notaris in 1846.
The genus name of ''Combea'' is in honour of Francesco Comba (fl. 1845), an Italian la ...
Peltula tortuosa
''Peltula'' is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark gray squamulose lichens that can be saxicolous (grow on rock)) or terricolous (grow on soil). Members of the genus are commonly called rock-olive lichens.Field Guide to California Lich ...
'',
Peltulaceae
The Peltulaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi
A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the mor ...