Xanthippus (; , ; 520 – 475 BC) was a wealthy

Athenian Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

politician and general during the

Greco-Persian Wars The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Polis, Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world ...

. He was the son of Ariphron and father of

Pericles Pericles (; ; –429 BC) was a Greek statesman and general during the Golden Age of Athens. He was prominent and influential in Ancient Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, and was acclaimed ...

, both prominent Athenian statesmen. A marriage to Agariste, niece of

Cleisthenes Cleisthenes ( ; ), or Clisthenes (), was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the fath ...

, linked Xanthippus with the Alcmaeonid clan, whose aristocratic interests he often represented in government.Herodotus, ''The Histories'' 6.131. He was

ostracized Ostracism (, ''ostrakismos'') was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the citizen, ostracism was often us ...

in 484 BC,David Sacks, Lisa R. Brody, and Oswyn Murray, ''Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World'' (New York City, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 370. likely arising from his rivalry with

Themistocles Themistocles (; ; ) was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having th ...

,Plutarch, ''Comparison of Aristides and Marcus Cato'' 2.3. but he was recalled from exile when the

Persians Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They ...

invaded Greece. He commanded the Athenian fleets in the Battle of Mycale and the Siege of Sestos. It is possible that he participated in the

Battle of Marathon The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens (polis), Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Achaemenid Empire, Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaph ...

and Battle of Salamis.

Early life

Little is known of Xanthippus' personal or early life. He was likely born by 520 BC. His name means "Yellow Horse." Hailing from an

aristocratic Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense economic, political, and social influence. In Western Christian co ...

family, Xanthippus probably received an education in literacy, numeracy, and civic engagement. His father Ariphron was likely a partisan of

Pisistratus Pisistratus (also spelled Peisistratus or Peisistratos; ; – 527 BC) was a politician in ancient Athens, ruling as tyrant in the late 560s, the early 550s and from 546 BC until his death. His unification of Attica, the triangular p ...

and owned property that Xanthippus would inherit. No later than 496 BC Xanthippus married Agariste of the Alcmaeonid clan, a wealthy and influential Athenian family, who gave birth to their son Pericles around 495 BC.

Political career

As a citizen-soldier of

Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

and a member of the aristocracy, Xanthippus likely fought during the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. He first appears in historical record the following year (489 BC), heading the prosecution of

Miltiades the Younger Miltiades (; ; c. 550 – 489 BC), also known as Miltiades the Younger, was a Ancient Greece, Greek Classical Athens, Athenian Politician, statesman known mostly for his role in the Battle of Marathon, as well as for his downfall afterwards. He ...

, the general who had contributed to Athenian victory at Marathon.Herodotus, ''The Histories'' 6.132–135. Miltiades had asked for a fleet of 70 ships and a supply of troops to be put at his disposal in reward for his victory, saying that he would not reveal his intentions, but that the venture would generate profit for the city. The Athenians granted his wish, but he met with set-backs during an attack on

Paros Paros (; ; ) is a Greek island in the central Aegean Sea. Part of the Cyclades island group, it lies to the west of Naxos (island), Naxos, from which it is separated by a channel about wide. It lies approximately south-east of Piraeus. The Co ...

and had to return empty handed and wounded. Many Athenians suspected him of treason. The Alcmaeonidae were traditional political rivals of Miltiades' clan, the Philaidae, and they pressed for charges against the general, with Xanthippus making their case and asking for the death penalty. As Miltiades was in great pain due to injuries and could not defend himself, his allies argued on his behalf and managed to avoid his execution. Instead, he was fined a sum too large to pay and imprisoned as a debtor. In prison he died of his wounds, and his son,

Cimon Cimon or Kimon (; – 450BC) was an Athenian '' strategos'' (general and admiral) and politician. He was the son of Miltiades, also an Athenian ''strategos''. Cimon rose to prominence for his bravery fighting in the naval Battle of Salamis ...

, would pay the fine on his behalf. Immediately following the trial Xanthippus was distinguished by the Athenians for his actions, though the incident would remain politically attached to him. In the ''Constitution of Athens'',

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

claimed that "Xanthippus was at the head of the people, while Miltiades represented the upper classes," placing him in the ideological trail of

Solon Solon (; ; BC) was an Archaic Greece#Athens, archaic History of Athens, Athenian statesman, lawmaker, political philosopher, and poet. He is one of the Seven Sages of Greece and credited with laying the foundations for Athenian democracy. ...

, Pisistratus, and

Ostracism

Xanthippus' leadership was short lived due to his

ostracism Ostracism (, ''ostrakismos'') was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the citizen, ostracism was often us ...

in 484 BC. Xanthippus allied with his fellow aristocrat

Aristides Aristides ( ; , ; 530–468 BC) was an ancient Athenian statesman. Nicknamed "the Just" (δίκαιος, ''díkaios''), he flourished at the beginning of Athens' Classical period and is remembered for his generalship in the Persian War. ...

to counter the ambitions of

. Around the year 480 BC, the names of Xanthippus and Aristides would come to be invoked in songs critiquing "the liar, the cheat, and traitor" Themistocles, who Plutarch claimed played a hand in a series of ostracisms that removed the pair from Athens. Named after the ostrakon shards that votes would be cast on, should a quorum of 6,000 votes be cast in an ostracism, the man whose name received the most votes would be exiled for ten years, upon which time he could return without legal or political ramification. There were 5 prominent ostracisms of aristocrats during the political clashes of the 480s BC, concerned with removing those connected with the tyrant Pisistratus. Xanthippus was the first ostracism not in connection with the tyranny, followed by Aristides. Themistocles was rumored to be involved with both ostracisms. His father's connection to Pisistratus was not noted as a cause. Ostrakon shards recovered from the western slope of the

Areopagus The Areopagus () is a prominent rock outcropping located northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Its English name is the Late Latin composite form of the Greek name Areios Pagos, translated "Hill of Ares" (). The name ''Areopagus'' also r ...

in the 1990s were translated in 2018 and have been attributed to the ostracism vote of 484 BC. Of the surviving 56 ostrakon naming Xanthippus, one explains that Xanthippus disrespected the

prytaneion A ''prytaneion'' (, ) was seat of the ''prytaneis'' (Executive (government), executive), and so the seat of government in ancient Greece. The term is used to describe any of a range of ancient structures where officials met (normally relating to ...

. This accusation has been associated with Cylon's attempted coup of Athens between 636 to 632 BC, where

Archon ''Archon'' (, plural: , ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem , meaning "to be first, to rule", derived from the same ...

Megacles Megacles or Megakles () was the name of several notable men of ancient Athens, as well as an officer of Pyrrhus of Epirus. First archon The first Megacles was possibly a legendary archon of Athens from 922 BC to 892 BC. Archon eponymous The s ...

of the Alcmaeonid clan ordered the execution of Cylon's followers who were in the Athenian Acropolis, and was perhaps populated by Themistocles. Another shard claims that Xanthippus, "curse of the leaders, has been especially harmful," likely referencing his prosecution of Miltiades.

Second Persian invasion of Greece

The

returned to attack Greece in 480 BC, and Themistocles and Athens recalled both Xanthippus and Aristides to aid in the defence of the city. The city of Athens had to be abandoned to protect its citizens and

Plutarch Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...

relates a folk tale about Xanthippus' dog, who had been left behind by his master when the Athenians embarked for the safety of the Island of Salamis. In the story, out of loyalty the dog jumped into the sea and swam after Xanthippus' boat, managing to swim across to the isle before dying of exhaustion. In Plutarch's day there was still a place on Salamis called "the dog's grave." Xanthippus at least witnessed, if not fought in, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which forced back the Persian offensive and boosted the reputation of the Athenians amongst the Greeks. Xanthippus was elected to the position of

eponymous archon In ancient Greece the chief magistrate in various Greek city states was called eponymous archon (ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, ''epōnymos archōn''). "Archon" (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, ''archontes'') means "ruler" or "lord", frequently ...

the following year (479/478 BC). At that time a large force of Persian infantry still remained in Greece and Athens remained engaged. He additionally succeeded

as commander of the Athenian fleet that year (479/478 BC), while Aristides was given command of the land forces. The ancient Greek historian

Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental Universal history (genre), universal history ''Bibliotheca historica'', in forty ...

suggested that the Athenians began to challenge Spartan control of the sea after they were accredited with the victory at Salamis. Allegedly threatened by this, the Spartans awarded Themistocles "with double the number of gifts awarded to those who had received the prize of valour," causing the Athenians to remove him from the role of commander, giving the position to Xanthippus.

Battle of Mycale

Xanthippus was the Athenian commander directing naval forces against the Persians off the coast of

Lydia Lydia (; ) was an Iron Age Monarchy, kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis. At some point before 800 BC, ...

Asia Minor Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

. The remains of the Persian fleet that had survived the Battle of Salamis were stationed at the island of

Samos Samos (, also ; , ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese archipelago, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the Mycale Strait. It is also a separate reg ...

. According to Diodorus Siculus, ambassadors from Samos informed Xanthippus and Leotychidas, representing the Spartans, that the Ionian cities wanted to revolt. The Greeks laid anchor on

Delos Delos (; ; ''Dêlos'', ''Dâlos''), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago. Though only in area, it is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in Greece. ...

with 250

triremes A trireme ( ; ; cf. ) was an ancient vessel and a type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans. The trireme derives its name from its thre ...

who set sail for Samos. When the Persians discovered that they were being pursued by the Greek fleet they abandoned Samos and sailed to the opposite shore, under the slopes of Mount Mycale, where they beached their ships and retreated inland to set up a defensive fort. The Greek forces launched an attack on them, with Xanthippus leading his Athenian contingent on the left flank. Diodorus Siculus alleges that a herald was sent to sail toward the Persians and announce, "The Greeks, having conquered the Persians, are now come to liberate the Greek cities of

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

." Xanthippus' men allegedly had smoother terrain to cross than the other flank, so they engaged in combat with the Persians first. They broke through the line and the Persian troops returned to their fort. The Athenians were able to breach the wall and the other flank joined them in the attack. Herodotus claims this battle occurred on the same day as the

Battle of Plataea The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place in 479BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an alliance of the Polis, Greek city-states (including Sparta, Cla ...

, where Aristides led the Athenian contingent under the command of the Spartan Pausanias, and defeated the Persian land-forces. These two decisive battles depleted the Persian fleet and saw the Persian army led by Mardonius defeated, effectively ending the second Persian invasion and Persian control of the

Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans and Anatolia, and covers an area of some . In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn con ...

and Ionian

city-states A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world throughout history, including cities such as Rome, ...

Siege of Sestos

After the Battle of Mycale, the combined Greek fleets sailed to the

Hellespont The Dardanelles ( ; ; ), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in classical antiquity as the Hellespont ( ; ), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey t ...

to destroy the Persian

pontoon bridge A pontoon bridge (or ponton bridge), also known as a floating bridge, is a bridge that uses float (nautical), floats or shallow-draft (hull), draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel. The buoyancy of the support ...

at Abydos, but when they discovered it had already been destroyed, the Spartans withdrew and headed home. Xanthippus led the remaining Athenian troops, in addition to the

Ionians The Ionians (; , ''Íōnes'', singular , ''Íōn'') were one of the traditional four major tribes of Ancient Greece, alongside the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans. The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the ...

and

Aeolians The Aeolians (; , ''Aioleis'') were one of the four major tribes into which Greeks divided themselves in the ancient period (along with the Achaeans, Dorians and Ionians).. They originated in the eastern parts of the Greek mainland, notably in ...

traveling with the Greeks after Mycale, on an assault upon Sestos in the

Thracian Chersonese The Gallipoli Peninsula (; ; ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name (), meaning 'b ...

. It had been captured by the Persians and left under the charge of a Persian governor, Artayctes. Sestos controlled the European side of the Hellespont and all the shipping trade that passed. Since Athens was very dependent upon imported grain, this made trade with the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

of strategic importance and Xanthippus was determined to bring these shipping lanes back under Athenian control. The siege continued into the autumn, breaking in the winter when food ran out in the city. The Athenians took control of the city the next day.

Herodotus Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...

describes in ''The Histories'' that the Athenians, under the command of Xanthippus, stoned Artayctes son to death in front of him, and then Artayctes himself was crucified.Smith (1864), p. 1285. That Herodotus ends his account of the Greco-Persian Wars here has led some scholars to imply that the historian wished to conclude on a note that flattered Xanthippus' son, Pericles, who was one of Herodotus' patrons. After, Herodotus claims that Xanthippus and his Athenian troops separated from their allies and returned to Greece with ropes from the Persian bridge to dedicate as offerings in sanctuaries.

After the Greco-Persian Wars

Xanthippus died several years after his return to Athens, possibly in the mid-470s BC. He was deceased by 473/2 BC, when his son, Pericles, served as choregos for

Aeschylus Aeschylus (, ; ; /524 – /455 BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek Greek tragedy, tragedian often described as the father of tragedy. Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is large ...

and was described as "his own master." Xanthippus would be remembered for his leadership in the Battle of Mycale and the Siege of Sestos. In Pausanius' ''Description of Greece'' from the 2nd century AD'','' he recounts that on the Athenian Acropolis there was a statue of Xanthippus, "who fought against the Persians at the naval battle of Mycale." He claims the statue was placed near the likeness of the poet Anacreon of Teos. While the dates for the monuments are unsure, it has been suggested that Pericles erected the statue in the aftermath of the immediate aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars. "Apart" from Xanthippus was a solitary statue of Pericles.

Pericles, son of Xanthippus

Pericles would become a prominent Athenian statesmen himself, leading Athens from roughly 461 to 429 BC. He was a general from 444 BC until 430 BC, commanding Athenian troops in the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

Thucydides Thucydides ( ; ; BC) was an Classical Athens, Athenian historian and general. His ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' recounts Peloponnesian War, the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been d ...

remarked, referring to Pericles, that Athens was "in name a democracy but, in fact, governed by its first citizen." From his first marriage, Pericles named one of his legitimate sons Xanthippus.Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos, ''History of the Hellenic Nation'', Vol. AB (1925), p. 221.

References

Bibliography

* Abbott, Evelyn. ''Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens''. New York City, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1891. * Aristotle, ''Constitution of Athens''. English Trans. by H. Rackham, ''Aristotle in 23 Volumes'', Vol. 20. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1952. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046%3Achapter%3D1. * Barron, J. P. "The Liberation of Greece," in ''The Cambridge Ancient History,'' 2nd Ed., edited by Boardman, John, N. G. L. Hammond, D. M. Lewis, and M. Ostwald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. pp. 592–622. * Diodorus Siculus, ''Library. Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes'', Vol. 4-8, English Trans. by C.H. Oldfather. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1989. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084. * Evans, Richard. “The Battle of Mycale (479 BC). A Fitting Climax to Herodotus’ History or Just a Brawl on the Beach?” ''Nuova Antologia Militare'' 5, No. 18. 2024. pp. 53–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36158/97888929588453. * Fornara, Charles W. and Loren J. Samons II. ''Athens from Cleisthenes to Pericles''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. * Herodotus, ''The Histories'', English Trans. by A.D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126. * Lamartine Snyder, William. ''The Military Annals of Greece from the Earliest Time to the Beginning of the Peloponnesian War'', Vol. 1. Boston: R. G. Badger, 1915. * Lytton, Edward Bulwer, and Oswyn Murray. ''Athens : Its Rise and Fall ; with Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People''. London: Routledge, 2004. * Morgan, T.J. "Literate education in classical Athens," The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 49, Issue 1. May 1999. pp. 47–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/49.1.46. * Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos, edited by Pavlos Karolidis. ''History of the Hellenic Nation'', Vol. AB. Eleftheroudakis, 1925. * Pausanius, ''Description of Greece'', English Trans. by W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: WIlliam Heinemann, 1918. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1. * Plutarch, "Comparison of Aristides and Marcus Cato," in ''Plutarch's Lives'', English Trans. by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1914. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0022. * Plutarch, "Life of Pericles," in ''Plutarch's Lives'', English Trans. by Berdadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1916. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0055. * Plutarch, "Marcus Cato" in ''Plutarch's Lives'', English Trans. by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1914. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0013%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1. * Plutarch, "Life of Themistocles" in ''Plutarch's Lives'', English Trans. by Berdadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ; London: William Heinemann, 1914. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0066. * Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. “An Issue of Methodology: Anakreon, Perikles, Xanthippos.” ''American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 102, No. 4 (1998), pp. 717–38. ''JSTOR:'' https://doi.org/10.2307/506097. Accessed 2 June 2025. * Roebuck, C. "Trade" in ''The Cambridge Ancient History''. Edited by John Boardman, N. G. L. Hammond, and M. Ostwald, Cambridge University Press, 1988. pp. 446–460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521228046.018. * John Boardman, N. G. L. Hammond, D. M. Lewis, M. OstwaldSacks, David, Lisa R. Brody, and Oswyn Murray. ''Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World''. New York City, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN: 978-0816057221. * Smith, William. ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', Vol. 3. London, UK: 1864. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.236206. * Thucydides, ''History of the Peloponnesian War''. English Trans. by Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury. London: Bohn, 1843. Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0247%3Abook%3Dintro%3Achapter%3D1. * Tracy, Stephen V. ''Pericles: A Sourcebook and Reader''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009. * Węcowski, Marek. ''Athenian Ostracism and its Original Purpose.'' London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2022. 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External links

* {{Ancient Athenian statesmen 5th-century BC Athenians Alcmaeonidae Ostracized Athenians Eponymous archons People of the Greco-Persian Wars Battle of Marathon 520s BC births 470s BC deaths