Word formation

In linguistics, word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either:

* the processes through which words can change (i.e. morphology), or
* the creation of new lexemes in a particular language

Morphological

A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivational affixes.

Derivation

Examples include:
* the words ''governor'', ''government'', ''governable'', ''misgovern'', ''ex-governor'', and ''ungovernable'' are all derived from the base word ''(to) govern''

Inflection

Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence. For example:
* ''manages'' and ''managed'' are inflected from the base word ''(to) manage''
* ''worked'' is inflected from the verb ''(to) work''
* ''talks'', ''talked'', and ''talking'' are inflected from the base ''(to) talk''

Nonmorphological

Abbreviation

Examples includes:

* ''etc.'' from et cetera

Acronyms & Initialisms

An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of other words. For example:

* ''NASA'' is the acronym for ''National Aeronautics and Space Administration
* '' IJAL'' (pronounced /aidʒæl/) is the acronym for ''International Journal of American Linguistics''
Acronyms are usually written entirely in capital letters, though some words originating as acronyms, like ''radar'', are now treated as common nouns.

Initialisms are similar to acronyms, but where the letters are pronounced as a series of letters. For example:
* '' ATM'' for ''Automated Teller Machine''
* '' SIA'' for ''Singapore International Airlines''

Back-formation

In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word by removing actual affixes, or parts of the word that is re-analyzed as an affix, from other words to create a base. Examples include:

* the verb ''headhunt'' is a back-formation of ''headhunter''
* the verb ''edit'' is formed from the noun ''editor''
* the word ''televise'' is a back-formation of ''television''

The process is motivated by analogy: ''edit'' is to ''editor'' as ''act'' is to ''actor''. This process leads to a lot of denominal verbs.

The productivity of back-formation is limited, with the most productive forms of back-formation being hypocoristics.

Blending

A lexical blend is a complex word typically made of two word fragments. For example:

* ''smog'' is a blend of ''smoke'' and ''fog''
* ''brunch'' is a blend of ''breakfast'' and ''lunch''.
* ''stagflation'' is a blend of ''stagnation'' and ''inflation''
* ''chunnel'' is a blend of ''channel'' and ''tunnel'', referring to the Channel Tunnel
Although blending is listed under the Nonmorphological heading, there are debates as to how far blending is a matter of morphology.

Compounding

Compounding is the processing of combining two bases, where each base may be a fully-fledged word. For example:

* ''desktop'' is formed by combining ''desk'' and ''top''
* ''railway'' is formed by combining ''rail'' and ''way''
* ''firefighter'' is formed by combining ''fire'' and ''fighter''
Compounding is a topic relevant to syntax, semantics, and morphology.

Hashtagging as word formation

Linguists argue that hashtags are words and hashtagging is a morphological process. Social media users view the syntax of existing viral hashtags as guiding principles for creating new ones. A hashtag's popularity is therefore influenced more by the presence of popular hashtags with similar syntactic patterns than by its conciseness and clarity.

Word formation vs. semantic change

There are processes for forming new dictionary items which are not considered under the umbrella of word formation. One specific example is semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form.

See also

* Neologism

References

{{Authority control

Linguistic morphology