Women In Senegal
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Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...
have a traditional social status as shaped by local custom and religion. According to 2005 survey, the
female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM) (also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision) is the cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. Prevalence of female ge ...
prevalence rate stands at 28% of all women in Senegal aged between 15 and 49.Female Genital Mutilation in Senegal
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany (September 2011)


History

The traditional division of labour in Senegal saw women responsible for household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They were also responsible for a large share of agricultural work, including weeding and harvesting, for such common crops as rice. Women of the nobility used to be influential in political scenes. This is partly because matrilineage was the means for a prince to become king (particularly in the Wolof kingdoms). Such ''lingeer'' as Yacine Boubou, Ndate Yalla and her sister Njembeut Mbodji are hailed as inspirations for contemporary Senegalese women. In recent decades, economic change and urbanization has led to many young men migrating to the cities, such as Dakar. Rural women have become increasingly involved in managing village forestry resources and operating millet and rice mills. The government's rural development agency aims to organize village women and involve them more actively in the development process. Women play a prominent role in village health committees and prenatal and postnatal programs. In urban areas, despite women's second-class status within Islam, cultural change has led to women entering the labour market as office and retail clerks, domestic workers and unskilled workers in textile mills and tuna-canning factories. Non-government organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many. Senegal ratified the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it was instituted ...
, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. ,
Senegalese feminists Demographic features of the population of Senegal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. About 42% of Senegal's population is ...
were critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that legally protect women's rights.


Women's rights

Women in Senegal face a number of disparities in their social status. Women have high rates of illiteracy. They make up less than 10% of the formal labour force.
Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM) (also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision) is the cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. Prevalence of female ge ...
is a persistent practise in some rural areas, despite being outlawed by the constitution of 2001. Women's legal rights are similar via
polygyny Polygyny () is a form of polygamy entailing the marriage of a man to several women. The term polygyny is from Neoclassical Greek πολυγυνία (); . Incidence Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent. Some scholar ...
marriages, and
Islamic law Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intan ...
involving property ownership.


Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM) (also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision) is the cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. Prevalence of female ge ...
is present in Senegal."FGC Prevalence Rates Diagram"
African Women's Health Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, accessed 7 September 2011.
According to 2005 survey, the FGM prevalence rate is 28% of all women aged between 15 and 49. There are significant differences in regional prevalence. FGM is most widespread in the Southern Senegal (94% in Kolda Region) and in Northeastern Senegal (93% in Matam Region). FGM rates are lower in other regions: Tambacounda (86%), Ziguinchor (69%), and less than 5% in Diourbel and Louga Regions. Senegal is 94% Muslim (FGM is not an Islamic practice) The FGM prevalence rate varies by religion: 29% of Muslim women have undergone FGM, 16% of Animists, and 11% of Christian women.FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING: A Statistical Exploration
UNICEF (2010); see Table 1C, page 34


Notable people


Religious figures

* Mame Diarra Bousso


Female politicians

* Ndoumbe Ndiaye – Thioumbe Samb – Mame Yacine Diagne – Aline Sitoé Diatta – Arame Diene – Caroline Faye – Anne Marie Sohai – Lena Diagne – Awa Dia Thiam –
Mame Madior Boye Mame Madior Boye (; born 7 December 1940)"Mame Madior Boye" ...
–
Marie-Angélique Savané Marie-Angélique Savané (née Sagna; born 2 November 1947) is a Senegalese sociologist and feminist activist, who has been "an extremely vocal proponent of legal and social reforms in Senegalese society on behalf of women", according to the '' Dic ...
– Awa Marie Coll Seck – Aminata Tall – Ndaté Yalla –
Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye is a Senegalese politician. In 2012, she was appointed Minister of Livestock and Animal Production in the government of Prime Minister Abdou Mbaye and from 2014 under the government of Prime Minister Mahammad Boun Abdallah ...
– Penda Mbow – Safiatou Thiam – Aïda Mbodj – Ndeye Fatou Ba – Lena Diagne – Gnagna Thouré – Arame Ndoye


Scientists

* Awa Marie Coll Seck – Rose Dieng-Kuntz – Penda Mbow – Safiatou Thiam


Female writers

*
Mariama Bâ Mariama Bâ (April 17, 1929 – August 17, 1981) was a Senegalese author and feminist, whose two French-language novels were both translated into more than a dozen languages. Born in Dakar, Senegal, Dakar, Senegal, she was raised a Muslim. Her ...
– Mariama Barry – Ndèye Coumba Mbengue Diakhaté – Sokhna Benga – Jacqueline Fatima Bocoum – Ken Bugul – Aïssatou Cissé – Fama Diagne Sène – Nafissatou Niang Diallo – Aïssatou Diamanka-Besland – Mame Younousse Dieng – Fatou Diome – Khadi Fall – Khadi Hane – Aminata Maïga Ka – Ndèye Fatou Kane – Annette Mbaye d'Erneville – Aminata Sow Fall –
Fatou Ndiaye Sow Fatou Ndiaye Sow (1937 – 24/25 October 2004) was a Senegalese poet, teacher and children's writer. Many of her books were about children's rights and were published with the support of UNICEF UNICEF ( ), originally the United Nations Inter ...
–
Mariama Ndoye Mariama Ndoye-Mbengue (born 1953) is a Senegalese writer born Mariama Ndoye. She became "Ndoye-Mbengue" on marriage. She has a doctorate in French language and literature. She has received awards for her short-stories and novels. For a period until ...
– Mame Seck Mbacké –
Khady Sylla Khady Sylla (Dakar, March 27, 1963 – Dakar, October 8, 2013) was a Senegalese writer of two novels, short work, and filmmaker. Life Born in Dakar, she studied at the ''École Normale Supérieure'' where she became interested in a literary caree ...
– Abibatou Traoré- Rahmatou Seck Samb – Nafissatou Dia Diouf -


Filmmakers

* Laurence Attali –
Angèle Diabang Brener Angèle Diabang Brener is a Senegalese screenwriter, director and film producer. Early life and education Angèle Diabang Brener was born in Dakar in 1979. Her training and education in film making took place in Dakar at the Média Centre de Daka ...
– Safi Faye – Dyana Gaye –
Khady Sylla Khady Sylla (Dakar, March 27, 1963 – Dakar, October 8, 2013) was a Senegalese writer of two novels, short work, and filmmaker. Life Born in Dakar, she studied at the ''École Normale Supérieure'' where she became interested in a literary caree ...
– Aïcha Thiam – Sokhna Amar


Stylists

* Oumou Sy – Koukou Kane – Collé Ardo Sow – Adama Paris – Diouma Dieng Diakhaté – Joelle Le Bussy – Nafissatou Diop


Choreographers

* Germaine Acogny


Singers

* Fambaye Issa Diop – Adja Mbana Diop – Adja Khar Mbaye – Coumba Gawlo Seck – Diarra – Viviane Ndour - Diabou Samb - Kine Lam – Daro Mbaye – Ndeye Mbaye


Athletes

* Senegal women's national basketball team * Kene Ndoye – Amy Mbacké Thiam


Others

* Oulimata Sarr


See also

*
Levirate marriage Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow. Levirate marriage has been practiced by societies with a strong clan structure in which exogamous marriage (i.e. marriage o ...
* Health in Senegal * Education in Senegal


Bibliography

* Bettina Marcinowski, ''Die Frau in Afrika : Unters. zum schwarzafrikan. frankophonen Roman Kameruns u. Senegals'', Francfort et Berne, Lang, 1982, 246 p. (version abrégée d'une thèse de l'Université de Fribourg, 1981 *Isabelle Guérin, « Women and Money: Lessons from Senegal », ''Development and Change'', 2006, 37 (3), p. 549–570. *Lisa McNee, ''Selfish Gifts: Senegalese Women's Autobiographical Discourses'', State University of New York, 2000, 197 p.  *Kathleen Sheldon, ''Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa'', The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005, 448 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * ''Femmes en politique : l'expérience dans cinq pays : Sénégal, Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Mali'', Dakar, Éditions Démocraties africaines, 1999 ou 2000, 151 p. * Philippe Antoine et Jeanne Nanitelamio, ''Peut-on échapper à la polygamie à Dakar ?'', Paris, CEPED, 1995, 31 p.  * Hélène Bouchard et Chantal Rondeau, ''Commerçantes et épouses à Dakar et Bamako. La réussite par le commerce'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007, 436 p.  * May Clarkson, ''La femme Bedik. Mariage et procréation, approche ethno-démographique à un problème de micro-évolution'', Université de Montréal, 1977 (M.Sc.) * Katy Cissé Wone, « Le passé politique des femmes : une trajectoire ambiguë », ''Démocraties africaines'', n° 5, 1996/03, p. 47-51 * Marina Co Trung Yung, ''Des enquêtes sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 1960'', Paris, Université de Paris I, 1980 (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies) * Sidy Diallo, ''Contribution à l'étude du phénomène de la migration au Sénégal : les jeunes filles sereer et diola à Dakar'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1981, 104 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Nafissatou Diop, ''La fécondité des adolescentes au Sénégal'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Adama Diouf, ''L’éducation des filles dans les quatre communes fin du XIXe-1920. Le cas de Rufisque'', Université de Dakar, 1998, 103 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Hadiza Djibo, ''La participation des femmes africaines à la vie politique : les exemples du Sénégal et du Niger'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 426 p.  * Colette Le Cour Grandmaison, ''Rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation. Lébou et wolof de Dakar'', Paris, EPHE, 1970, 4+310+23 p. (Thèse de 3e cycle, publiée en 1972 sous le titre "Femmes dakaroises : rôles traditionnels féminins et urbanisation", Abidjan, ''Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan'', 249 p.) * Awa Kane Ly, ''La femme haal-pulaar au Fuuta Tooro'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1980, 158 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Khalifa Mbengue, ''Stratégies de communication en planification familiale : Campagne d'information Sénégal (1988–1989)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (MSc.) * Gora Mboup, ''Étude des déterminants socio-économiques et culturels de la fécondité au Sénégal à partir de l'enquête sénégalaise sur la fécondité (ESF, 1978) et l'enquête démographique et de santé (EDS, 1986)'', Université de Montréal, 1993 (thèse) * Maty Ndiaye et Marina Co Trung Yung, ''La condition des femmes colonisées du Sénégal et du Soudan français'', Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1979, 413 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Oumy K. Ndiaye, ''Femmes sérères et projets de développement : exemple de la diffusion des foyers améliorés dans le Département de Fatick, Sénégal'', Université Laval, 1988 (M.A.) * Abdou Karim Ndoye, ''Facteurs socio-économiques et réussite scolaire des filles en fin d'enseignement élémentaire : cas de deux régions du Sénégal'', Dakar?, Rapport d'étude UEPA, 2002, 136 p.  * Mame Fama Niang, ''Situation de la femme musulmane au Sénégal'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1979, 95 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Dauphine Ravololomanikara, ''Le rôle et la place de la femme dans quelques romans sénégalais'', University of British Columbia, 1974 (M.A.) * Ahmed Rufa'i, ''L'image de la femme africaine dans l'Å“uvre d'Ousmane Sembène'', Université de Sherbrooke, 1983 (M.A.) *
Marie-Angélique Savané Marie-Angélique Savané (née Sagna; born 2 November 1947) is a Senegalese sociologist and feminist activist, who has been "an extremely vocal proponent of legal and social reforms in Senegalese society on behalf of women", according to the '' Dic ...
, ''Les projets pour les femmes en milieu rural au Sénégal'', Genève, Bureau International du Travail, 1983, 139 p.  * F. Sow, ''Le pouvoir économique des femmes dans le département de Podor'', Saint-Louis, SAED, 1990 * F. Sow, (sous la direction de), ''Les femmes sénégalaises à l'horizon 2015'', Dakar, Ministère de la Femme, de l'Enfant et de la Famille, République du Sénégal, 1993 * Papa Sow, « Les récolteuses de sel du lac Rose (Sénégal) : Histoire d'une innovation sociale féminine », ''Géographie et cultures'', 2002, n° 41, p. 93-113


Filmography

* ''Traumatisme de la femme face à la polygamie'' (
Ousmane Sembène Ousmane Sembène (; 1 January 1923 or 8 January 1923 – 9 June 2007), was a Senegalese film director, producer and writer. The ''Los Angeles Times'' considered him one of the greatest authors of Africa and he has often been called the "father o ...
, 1969) * '' Moolaadé'' (Ousmane Sembène, 2004) * ''Mon beau sourire'' (
Angèle Diabang Brener Angèle Diabang Brener is a Senegalese screenwriter, director and film producer. Early life and education Angèle Diabang Brener was born in Dakar in 1979. Her training and education in film making took place in Dakar at the Média Centre de Daka ...
, 2005) * ''Sénégalaises et islam'' (Angèle Diabang Brener, (2007)


References


External links


Femmes écrivains et littératures africaines

« Le vote des femmes au Sénégal »
(article dans ''
Éthiopiques ''Éthiopiques'' is a series of compact discs featuring Ethiopian singers and musicians. Many of the CDs compile songs from various singles and albums that Amha Records, Kaifa Records and Philips-Ethiopia released during the 1960s and 1970s in Et ...
'', n° 6, 1976)
''Contribution à la réflexion sur la participation des femmes sénégalaises à la vie politique de 1945 à 2001''
Seynabou Ndiaye Sylla, mémoire de DEA, Université de Paris I, 2001)
« L'Islam et la femme sénégalaise »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 66–67, 1e et 2e semestres 2001)
« L'émergence d'une écriture féministe au Sénégal et au Québec »
(article dans ''Éthiopiques'', n° 74, 1er semestre 2005) {{Senegal topics
Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...