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Ventspils () is a state city in northwestern
Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...
in the historical
Courland Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were ...
region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country. At the beginning of 2020, Ventspils had a population of 33,906. It is situated on the
Venta River The Venta (Latvian pronunciation , Lithuanian , , , Livonian ''Vǟnta joug'') is a river in north-western Lithuania and western Latvia. Its source is near Kuršėnai in the Lithuanian Šiauliai County. It flows into the Baltic Sea at Vents ...
and the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...
, and has an
ice-free port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg, Manche ...
. The city's name literally means "
castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...
on the Venta", referring to the Livonian Order's castle built alongside the Venta River.


Other names

Ventspils was historically known as ''Windau'' in
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
. It had a
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
name from the time of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
, called ''Виндава (Vindava)'' or ''Виндау (Vindau),'' although ''Вентспилс (Ventspils)'' has been used since World War II. Some other names for the city include ,
Estonian Estonian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Estonia, a country in the Baltic region in northern Europe * Estonians, people from Estonia, or of Estonian descent * Estonian language * Estonian cuisine * Estonian culture See also

...
: Vindavi, and .


History

Ventspils developed around the
Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation. History The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after thei ...
Ventspils Castle Ventspils Castle () is located in Ventspils, in the Courland region of Latvia. It is one of the oldest and most well-preserved Livonian Order castles remaining, in that it has retained its original layout since the 13th century. Through its 700-y ...
, built along the
Venta River The Venta (Latvian pronunciation , Lithuanian , , , Livonian ''Vǟnta joug'') is a river in north-western Lithuania and western Latvia. Its source is near Kuršėnai in the Lithuanian Šiauliai County. It flows into the Baltic Sea at Vents ...
. It was chartered in 1314 and became an important mercantile city of the
Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League was a Middle Ages, medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central Europe, Central and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Growing from a few Northern Germany, North German towns in the ...
. As part of the
Duchy of Courland The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingd ...
, Ventspils blossomed as a shipbuilding centre. 44 warships and 79 trading ships were built in the town, and it was from Ventspils that the Duke's fleet set out to colonize
Gambia The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...
and
Tobago Tobago, officially the Ward of Tobago, is an List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, island and Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago, ward within the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located northeast of the larger islan ...
. Metal, amber, and wood-working shops also became important to the city's development. During the
Polish-Swedish War This is a List of wars between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to ...
and the
Great Northern War In the Great Northern War (1700–1721) a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe, Northern, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the ant ...
, Ventspils was destroyed, and in 1711 a plague wiped out most of the remaining inhabitants. After the Third Partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1795 Ventspils fell under the control of
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
. It was not until about 1850 that shipbuilding and trade became important again. The port was modernized in the 1890s and connected to Moscow by rail. It became one of Imperial Russia's most profitable ports, by 1913 turning a yearly profit of 130 million rubles. The population soared as well, growing from 7,000 in 1897, to 29,000 in 1913. During the German occupation from 1915 to 1919, the population decreased almost by half, though some returned home during the First Republic of Latvia (1918–1940). In 1939, the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
established a base in Ventspils. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the city was under
Soviet occupation During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. These included the eastern regions of Poland (incorporated into three differe ...
from 1940, and then under
German occupation German-occupied Europe, or Nazi-occupied Europe, refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet states, by the (armed forces) and the government of Nazi Germany at ...
from 1941 to 1944. Under Soviet rule, an oil pipeline was built to Ventspils, and became the USSR's leading port in crude oil export. north of Ventspils is the ex-Soviet radioastronomy installation VIRAC (''Ventspils Starptautiskais radioastronomijas centrs'' or ''Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre''). The existence of the ''Centrs'' was unknown to most Latvians until 1994. After independence, the Latvian government began a city-beautification process to make the city more attractive to tourists. In 2004, Ventspils was a host city for a multi-national (United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden, Russia, Latvia, Denmark, Finland, Norway) naval exercise called Baltic Operations XXXIII (BALTOPS). The force was led by the
guided missile cruiser A cruiser is a type of warship. Modern cruisers are generally the largest ships in a fleet after aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, and can usually perform several operational roles from search-and-destroy to ocean escort to s ...
USS ''Anzio'' and the destroyer . The US vessels were the first American warships to visit the port of Ventspils since Latvian independence was declared.


Climate

Ventspils is in the transition zone between an
oceanic climate An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen climate classification, Köppen classification represented as ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of co ...
and a
humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold ...
(''Cfb'' and ''Dfb'' in the
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
) with winters just below freezing point and warm summers. Ventspils holds the national record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Latvia with on 4 August 2014.LVGMC Twitter account
. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014.


Demography

At the beginning of 2017, Ventspils had an official population of 39,447 (54.3% of them were women compared with 45.7% men). 63% of Ventspils
population Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...
(24,762 people) are 15–62 years old, 14.3% (5,647 people) are 0–14 years old, and 22.6% (8,877 people) are 62 years and over. Population of Ventspils according to
ethnic group An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, re ...
:


Education

Institutions of higher education and science include: *
Ventspils University College Ventspils University of Applied Sciences (former Ventspils University College, ) is a higher education establishment in Ventspils, Latvia. History Ventspils University of Applied Sciences (VUAS) was founded in 1997 as a self-governing state uni ...
*
Riga Technical University Riga Technical University (RTU) () is the oldest technical university in the Baltic countries established on October 14, 1862. It is located in Riga, Latvia and was previously known as Riga Polytechnical Institute and Riga Polytechnicum. In 1 ...
, Ventspils branch * Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy, Ventspils branch * College of Law, Ventspils branch


Economy

Ventspils is situated at the mouth of the
Venta River The Venta (Latvian pronunciation , Lithuanian , , , Livonian ''Vǟnta joug'') is a river in north-western Lithuania and western Latvia. Its source is near Kuršėnai in the Lithuanian Šiauliai County. It flows into the Baltic Sea at Vents ...
, where it empties into the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...
, and is an important
ice-free port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg, Manche ...
. Large amounts of
oil An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturate ...
and other mineral resources from
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
are loaded aboard ships at Ventspils.
Ventspils Airport Ventspils International Airport is an airport southwest of Ventspils, Latvia. It is the newest airport and, with Liepāja International Airport and Riga International Airport, is one of the three notable airports in the country. Overview Vent ...
, one of the three international airports in Latvia, is located in the city.
Ventspils High Technology Park Ventspils () is a state city in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country. At the beginning of 2020, Ventspils had a population of 33,906. It is situated on the Venta River and ...
provides infrastructure and services to IT and electronics companies.


Culture

Every winter Ventspils hosts the awarding ceremony of the Latvian Radio broadcast ''Musical Bank'' and the televised national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. On the second weekend of July the ''Sea Festival'' takes place, and on the first weekend of August there is an annual city festival for the city birthday. Festivals ''Ghetto games'' and ''Vakara pastaiga'' are popular. There are several institutions taking responsibility for the cultural life of Ventspils, including: * The Theatre House "Juras varti" presents professional performing arts of various genres. * The Ventspils Museum is engaged in the research and the recording of the history of Ventspils. It writes the Ventspils City Chronicle, builds up the collections of the museum and carries out scientific work. * The Ventspils Library is a municipal, cultural, educational, and information institution. * The International Writers and Translators' House is an international centre for writers and translators.


Sport

Ventspils has a well developed sports infrastructure. One of the most popular sporting facility in Ventspils is the ''Olympic Centre 'Ventspils offering a basketball hall, ice hall, track-and-field arena, and football stadiums. One can also enjoy the ''Water Adventure Park'',''Seaside Aqua-Park'', and ''Adventure Park'' that turns into a ''Skiing Hill 'Lemberga hūte'' during the winter. The city has a
basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appro ...
team A team is a group of individuals (human or non-human) working together to achieve their goal. As defined by Professor Leigh Thompson of the Kellogg School of Management, " team is a group of people who are interdependent with respect to in ...
that has won the Latvian championship in the last several years. In the 2001/2002 season, the team took third place in the
North European Basketball League The North European Basketball League, or Northern European Basketball League (NEBL), was a short-lived regional professional basketball league. It was founded in 1998, by Šarūnas Marčiulionis and Dmitry Buriak. The league was the first comme ...
(NEBL). Ventspils also has a
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kick (football), kicking a football (ball), ball to score a goal (sports), goal. Unqualified, football (word), the word ''football'' generally means the form of football t ...
team in
FK Ventspils FK Ventspils was a Latvian professional football club based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils. It was one of the most prominent football clubs in the country. The club played in the Latvian Virslīga since 1997. It folded in July ...
who compete in the
Virsliga Latvian Higher League or Virslīga, also known as TonyBet Virslīga for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Latvia and the highest level of the Latvian football league system. Organised by the Latvian Football ...
. In the 2006 season the team has won the Latvian championship for the first time.


Adventure Park

Ventspils has an Adventure Park (Latvian: Piedzīvojumu parks) that consists of Tube Sliding Track, Airsoft Shooting Range, Bumper boats, Trampoline Complex, Trampoline with Rubber Ribbons, Mad Rotor, Catapult, Trampoline boat, Playhouse for children, Inflatable Attractions in the summer. In the winter you can skiing, snowboarding and sledding. There is also a rodeo track (Latvian: Rodeļu trase) which is available to use all year round Ventspils has a
narrow-gauge A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curv ...
train; a beach and dunes and an observatory with a telescope and digital planetarium.


Old Town of Ventspils

Ventspils developed rapidly as a commercial harbour in the years of growth of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The most active building works took place in the vicinity of the present Market Square where a number of former storehouses from the 17th century are preserved. A dwelling house at the crossing of Tirgus and Skolas Streets is one of the oldest houses of such type in Latvia (built in 1646). Next to the Market Square, in a historical school building on Skolas street, there is the Ventspils House of the Crafts (2007). The International Writers’ and Translators’ House (2006) was opened on the premises of the former City Hall (1850), on the City-Hall Square. The building is reconstructed to accommodate creative work and everyday needs of its writers. Located next to it are the recently renovated Ventspils Central Library (2006) and Evangelic-Lutheran Church of Nicholas (1835). The City-Hall Square, the Market Square and the Ostas Street Promenade are popular walking places.


Cow sculptures

CowParade CowParade is an international public art exhibit that has featured in major world cities. Fiberglass sculptures of cows are decorated by local artists, and distributed over the city centre, in public places such as train stations, important aven ...
in Ventspils took place in 2002, and now several cow sculptures reside in the city: * ‘Latvijas melnā’ (Latvian Black Cow) dwells on the Promenade of Ostas iela; * ‘Pretim gaismai’ (Towards the Light) that usually climbs the lamp post on Pils iela next to ‘Latvenergo’ JSC; * ‘Ms. Moo-Dunk’ the basketball cow resides near the Basketball Hall of the Olympic Centre ‘Ventspils’; * ‘Dzīve ir skaista’ (Life is Beautiful) is situated at the Children's Park ‘Bērnu pilsētiņa’ (Children's Town); * ‘Jūras govs’ (Cow of the Sea) dwells next to the Livonian Order Castle facing the River Venta; * ‘Nafta’ (Oil) lives next to the Children's Home ‘Selga’; * ‘Londonas govs’ (London Cow) welcomes the residents of the camping site ‘Piejūras kempings’. There are also three considerably larger cows: * ‘Ceļojošā govs’ (Travelling Cow) is shaped like a huge suitcase and awaits the city guests on the Promenade of Ostas iela to take some pictures; * ‘Govs-Matrozis’ (The Sailor Cow) is a giant blue-coloured cow dressed as a seafarer and situated at the Southern Pier of Ventspils; * ‘Šūpojošā govs’ (Cow on the Swings) is a large, but cute and girly cow sitting on the swings not far from the excursion boat ‘Hercogs Jēkabs’.


Notable people

*
Fred Rebell Fred Rebell (born Pauls Sproģis;Agrīnie latviešu iebraucēji Austrālijā
(1886–1968) – single-handed sailor *
Dorothy Dworkin Dorothy Dworkin (née Goldstick; 1889/1890 – 13 August 1976) was a Canadian nurse, businesswoman and philanthropist. She was the first professionally trained nurse in History of the Jews in Toronto, Toronto's Jewish community and among its m ...
(1889–1976) – nurse, businesswoman, and philanthropist. *
Fricis Kaņeps Fricis Kaņeps (10 August 1916, in Ventspils – 30 November 1981, in Staicele) was a Latvian football (soccer), footballer. He was one of the most powerful Latvian forwards of the 1930s who didn't have a very good technique but compensated it mo ...
(1916–1981) – footballer * Francis Rudolph (1921–2005) – painter *
Imant Raminsh Imant Karlis Raminsh ( Latvian: Imants Kārlis Ramiņš, born 18 September 1943) is a Canadian composer of Latvian descent, best known for his choral compositions. He resides in Coldstream, British Columbia. Early life and education Born in ...
(1943) – composer *
Dzintars Ābiķis Dzintars Ābiķis (born 3 June 1952 in Ventspils) is a Latvian politician and a Deputy of the Saeima The Saeima () is the parliament of the Latvia, Republic of Latvia. It is a unicameral parliament consisting of 100 members who are elected ...
(1952) – politician *
Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis (born 19 February 1962) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of the centre-right Unity party. Kristovskis has served in Latvian cabinets, as the Minister for the Interior from 3 August 1993 to 28 October 1994, when h ...
(1962) – politician *
Sandis Prūsis Sandis Prūsis (born 24 October 1965, in Ventspils) is a Latvian bobsleigh coach and former bobsledder. Starting his career in the 1980s, he competed professionally from 1990 to 2003. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he earned his ...
(1965) – bobsleigh pilot * Gundars Vētra (1967) – basketball star * Oleg Belozyorov (1969) – Russian politician and manager; serving as president of
Russian Railways Russian Railways or RZD () is a Russian fully state-owned vertically integrated railway company, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and passenger train services and has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel in Russia. ...
since August 20, 2015. *
Ēriks Rags Ēriks Rags (born 1 June 1975) is a Latvian javelin thrower. His personal best throw is 86.47 metres, achieved in July 2001 in London. He has competed at three Summer Olympics between Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin thr ...
(1975) – javelin thrower *
Gatis Gūts Gatis Gūts (born 15 April 1976, Ventspils) is a former Latvian bobsleigh pilot who had competed since 1994. Currently he is one of the coaches of Latvian bobsleigh team. His two last seasons have seen him twice in the top ten in the World Cup, bot ...
(1976) – bobsleigh pilot *
Valērijs Žolnerovičs Valērijs Žolnerovičs (born April 19, 1985 in Ventspils) is a Latvian Olympic athlete. He is the current holder of the Latvian record both in marathon and half marathon. Trained by Dainis Lodiņš, Žolnerovičs finished the 3000m steeplechas ...
(1985) – athlete * Ingus Janevics (1986) – speedwalker *
Laura Ikauniece Laura Ikauniece (formerly Laura Ikauniece-Admidiņa; born 31 May 1992) is a Latvian athlete competing in heptathlon. She participated in two Olympic Games, finishing fourth in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. She won a silver medal at the 2012 European Ath ...
(1992) – athlete * Rebeka Ibrahima (1998) – Olympic weightlifter *
Rūta Kate Lasmane Rūta Kate Lasmane (born 17 December 2000) is a Latvian track and field athlete. She is a multiple time Latvian national champion in the triple jump and long jump. She won the triple jump at the 2024 NCAA Indoor Championships and competed at the ...
(2000) – athlete *
Artūrs Šilovs Artūrs Šilovs (born 22 March 2001) is a Latvian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Šilovs was selected by the Canucks in the sixth round, 156th overall, in the 2019 NHL entry dra ...
(2001) – NHL goaltender


Twin towns – sister cities

Ventspils is twinned with: *
Lorient Lorient (; ) is a town (''Communes of France, commune'') and Port, seaport in the Morbihan Departments of France, department of Brittany (administrative region), Brittany in western France. History Prehistory and classical antiquity Beginn ...
, France *
Ningbo Ningbo is a sub-provincial city in northeastern Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises six urban districts, two satellite county-level cities, and two rural counties, including several islands in Hangzhou Bay and the Eas ...
, China *
Novopolotsk Novopolotsk or Navapolatsk (, ; , ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus. Founded in 1958, it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means "New Polotsk". In 2008, its population was 107,458. As of 2025, it has a populatio ...
, Belarus *
Polotsk Polotsk () or Polatsk () is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2025, it has a pop ...
, Belarus *
Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish language, Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German language, German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklen ...
, Germany *
Västervik Västervik is a city status in Sweden, city and the seat of Västervik Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden, with 36,747 inhabitants in 2021. Västervik is one of three coastal towns with a notable population size in the province of Småland. Cl ...
, Sweden


Significant depictions in popular culture

* Windau (Ventspils) is one of the starting towns of the
State of the Teutonic Order The State of the Teutonic Order () was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region ...
in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms. * Windau can be established in trading simulation game Patrician III as an Alderman Task


See also

*
Ventspils Castle Ventspils Castle () is located in Ventspils, in the Courland region of Latvia. It is one of the oldest and most well-preserved Livonian Order castles remaining, in that it has retained its original layout since the 13th century. Through its 700-y ...
*
Ports of the Baltic Sea The table below lists the most recent statistics for over 100 ports of the Baltic Sea, including Kattegat strait, which handle notable freight or passenger traffic. Container traffic is given in terms of Twenty-foot equivalent units of cargo. For ...
*
List of cities in Latvia There are 10 cities (, "state city", ) and 71 towns (, "municipality town", ) in Latvia. By Latvian law, towns are settlements that are centers of culture and commerce with a well-developed architectural infrastructure and street grid, and have ...


References


External links


City's Official Website
{{Authority control State cities of Latvia Cities and towns in Courland Port cities and towns in Latvia Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea Populated coastal places in Latvia Ventspils county