Agent-oriented programming languages
Agent-oriented programming allows the developer to build, extend and use software agents, which are abstractions of objects that can message other agents. * Clojure * F Sharp (programming language), F# * GOAL agent programming language, GOAL * SARL (programming language), SARLArray languages
Array programming (also termed ''vector'' or ''multidimensional'') languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to Vector (mathematics), vectors, Matrix (mathematics), matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays. * A+ (programming language), A+ * Ada (programming language), Ada * Analytica (software), Analytica * APL (programming language), APL * Chapel (programming language), Chapel * Dartmouth BASIC * Fortran (As of Fortran 90) * FreeMat * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * Interactive Data Language (IDL) * J (programming language), J * Julia (programming language), Julia * K (programming language), K * MATLAB * GNU Octave, Octave * Q (programming language from Kx Systems), Q * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * S (programming language), S * Scilab * S-Lang * SequenceL * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language) * X10 (programming language), X10 * ZPL (programming language), ZPLAspect-oriented programming languages
Aspect-oriented programming enables developers to add new functionality to code, known as "advice", without modifying that code itself; rather, it uses a pointcut to implement the advice into code blocks. * Ada (programming language), Ada * AspectJ * Apache Groovy, Groovy * Nemerle * Raku (programming language), RakuAssembly languages
Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see #Machine languages, below), so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans, although there may not be a one-to-one mapping between an individual statement and an individual instruction. Assembly languages let programmers use symbolic addresses, which the Assembly language assembler, assembler converts to absolute or Relocation (computing), relocatable addresses. Most assemblers also support Macro (computer science), macros and Constant (computer programming), symbolic constants.Authoring languages
An authoring language is a programming language designed for use by a non-computer expert to easily create tutorials, websites, and other interactive computer programs. * Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) * Lasso (programming language), Lasso * PILOT * TUTOR * Adobe Authorware, AuthorwareCommand-line interface languages
Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages or job control languages. Examples: * 4DOS (shell for IBM PCs) * 4OS2 (shell for IBM PCs) * Bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU) * CLIST (MVS Command List) * CMS EXEC * csh and tcsh (by Bill Joy) * DIGITAL Command Language CLI for OpenVMS * Batch file (DOS batch language) (for IBM PCs, pre-Windows) * EXEC 2 * Expect (a Unix automation and test tool) * fish (a Unix shell) * Hamilton C shell (a C shell for Windows) * ksh (a standard Unix shell, written by David Korn) * Nushell (a cross-platform shell) * PowerShell (.NET-based CLI) * rc (shell for Plan 9) * RUNCOM (CTSS command processor) * Rexx * sh (standard Unix shell, by Stephen R. Bourne) * TACL (programming language) * Windows batch language (input for COMMAND.COM or CMD.EXE) * zsh (a Unix shell)Compiled languages
These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted. * ArkTS * ActionScript * Ada (programming language), Ada (multi-purpose language) * ALGOL 58 ** JOVIAL ** NELIAC * ALGOL 60 (influential design) ** SMALL a Machine ALGOL * ALGOL 68 * Ballerina (programming language), Ballerina→ bytecode runtime * BASIC (including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC) * BCPL * C (programming language), C (widely used procedural language) * C++ (multiparadigm language derived from C) * C Sharp (programming language), C# (into Common Intermediate Language, CIL runtime) * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon (into Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode) * CHILL * Clipper (programming language), CLIPPER 5.3 (DOS-based) * LEO (computer), CLEO for Leo computers * Clojure (programming language), Clojure (into Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode) * COBOL * Cobra (programming language), Cobra * Common Lisp * Crystal (programming language), Crystal * Curl (programming language), Curl * D (programming language), D (from a reengineering of C++) * DASL→Java, JavaScript, JS, JSP, Flex.war * Delphi (software), Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system) * DIBOL (a Digital COBOL) * Dylan (programming language), Dylan * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel (developed by Bertrand Meyer) ** Sather ** Ubercode * Elm (programming language), Elm * Emacs Lisp * Emerald (programming language), Emerald * Erlang (programming language), Erlang * Factor (programming language), Factor * Fortran (first compiled by IBM's John Backus) * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * Go (programming language), Go * Gosu (programming language), Gosu (into Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode) * Groovy (programming language), Groovy (into Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode) * Haskell * Harbour (software), Harbour * TempleOS, HolyC * Inform (usually story files for Glulx or Z-machine, Z-code) * Java (programming language), Java (usually Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode; to machine code) * JOVIAL * Julia (programming language), Julia (on the fly to machine code) * Kotlin (programming language), Kotlin (Kotlin/Native uses LLVM to produce binaries) * LabVIEW * Mercury (programming language), Mercury * Mesa (programming language), Mesa * Nemerle (into intermediate language bytecode) * Nim (programming language), Nim * Objective-C * P (programming language), P * Pascal (programming language), Pascal (most implementations) * PL/I (originally for IBM mainframes) * Plus (programming language), Plus * Pony (programming language), Pony * Python (programming language), Python (to intermediate Virtual machine, VM bytecode) * IBM RPG, RPG (Report Program Generator) * Red (programming language), Red * Rust (programming language), Rust * Scala (programming language), Scala (into Java virtual machine, JVM bytecode) * Scheme (programming language), Scheme (e.g. Gambit) * SequenceL – purely functional, parallelizing and race-free * Simula (object-oriented superset of ALGOL 60) * Smalltalk platform independent virtual machine, VM bytecode * Swift (programming language), Swift * ML (programming language), ML ** Standard ML (SML) *** Alice (programming language), Alice ** OCaml ** F Sharp (programming language), F# (into Common Intermediate Language, CIL, generates runtime) * Turing (programming language), Turing * V (programming language), V (Vlang) * Vala (programming language), Vala (GObject type system) * Visual Basic (Common Intermediate Language, CIL JIT runtime) * Visual FoxPro * Visual Prolog * Xojo * Zig (programming language), ZigConcatenative programming languages
A concatenative programming language is a Point-free programming, point-free computer programming language in which all expressions denote Function (mathematics), functions, and the juxtaposition of Expression (computer science), expressions denotes function composition. * Factor (programming language), Factor * Forth (programming language), Forth * jq (programming language), jq (function application is also supported) * Joy (programming language), Joy * PostScript * Raku (programming language), RakuConcurrent languages
Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency (computer science), concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java (programming language), Java is shared memory concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as communicating sequential processes (CSP) or the π-calculus. * Ada (programming language), Ada – multi-purpose language * Alef (programming language), Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs * Ateji PX – an extension of the Java language for parallelism * Ballerina (programming language), Ballerina – a language designed for implementing and orchestrating micro-services. Provides a message based parallel-first concurrency model. * ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing * Cilk – a concurrent C (programming language), C * Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication * Clojure – a dialect of Lisp (programming language), Lisp for the Java virtual machine * Chapel (programming language), Chapel * Co-array Fortran * Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen) * Curry (programming language), Curry * E (programming language), E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel (through the SCOOP (software), SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation) * Elixir (programming language), Elixir (runs on the Erlang VM) * Emerald (programming language), Emerald – uses threads and monitors * Erlang (programming language), Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared * Gambit (scheme implementation), Gambit Scheme – using the Termite library * Gleam (programming language), Gleam (runs on the Erlang VM) * Go (programming language), Go * Haskell – supports concurrent, distributed, and parallel programming across multiple machines * Java (programming language), Java ** Join Java – concurrent language based on Java ** X10 (programming language), X10 * Julia (programming language), Julia * Joule (programming language), Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing * LabVIEW * Limbo (programming language), Limbo – relative of Alef (programming language), Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system) * MultiLisp – Scheme (programming language), Scheme variant extended to support parallelism * OCaml * occam (programming language), occam – influenced heavily by Communicating sequential processes, Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) ** occam-π – a modern variant of occam (programming language), occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus * Orc (programming language), Orc * Oz (programming language), Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures, and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz * P (programming language), P * Pony (programming language), Pony * Pict (programming language), Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus * Python (programming language), Python – uses thread-based parallelism and process-based parallelism * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rust (programming language), Rust * Scala (programming language), Scala – implements Erlang-style Actor model, actors on the JVM * SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free * SR (programming language), SR – research language * V (programming language), V (Vlang) * Unified Parallel C * XProc – XML processing language, enabling concurrencyConstraint programming languages
A constraint programming language is a declarative programming language where relationships between variables are expressed as Constraint (mathematics), constraints. Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints. * Claire (programming language), Claire * Constraint Handling Rules * CHIP (programming language), CHIP * ECLiPSe * Kaleidoscope (programming language), Kaleidoscope * Oz (programming language), Oz * Raku (programming language), RakuCurly bracket languages
A curly bracket or curly brace language has syntax that defines a block as the statements between Braces (punctuation), curly brackets, a.k.a. braces,Dataflow languages
Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include: * Analytica (software), Analytica * Ballerina (programming language), Ballerina * BMDFM * Hartmann pipelines * G (used in LabVIEW) * Lucid (programming language), Lucid * Max (software), Max * Oz (programming language), Oz * Prograph * Pure Data * Reaktor * StreamBase Systems#StreamSQL EventFlow Language, StreamBase StreamSQL EventFlow * Swift (parallel scripting language) * Agilent VEE, VEE * VHDL * VisSim * Vvvv * WebMethods FlowData-oriented languages
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include: * Clarion (programming language), Clarion * Clipper (programming language), Clipper * dBase a relational database access language * Gremlin (programming language), Gremlin * MUMPS (an ANSI standard general-purpose language with specializations for database work) * Caché ObjectScript (a proprietary superset of MUMPS) * RETRIEVE * RDQL * SPARQL * SQL * Visual FoxPro – a native RDBMS engine, object-oriented, RAD * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Decision table languages
Decision tables can be used as an aid to clarifying the logic before writing a program in any language, but in the 1960s a number of languages were developed where the main logic is expressed directly in the form of a decision table, including: * FiletabDeclarative languages
Declarative programming, Declarative languages express the logic of a computation without describing its control flow in detail. Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure) #Functional languages, functional and #Logic-based languages, logic-based programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category. This section lists additional examples not in those subcategories. * Analytica (software), Analytica * Apache Ant, Ant (combine declarative programming and imperative programming) * Curry (programming language), Curry * Cypher (query language), Cypher * Datalog * Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) (combine declarative programming and imperative programming) * ECL (data-centric programming language), ECL * Gremlin (programming language), Gremlin * Inform (combine declarative programming and imperative programming) * Lustre (programming language), Lustre * Mercury (programming language), Mercury * Metafont * MetaPost * Modelica * Nix (package manager)#Implementation, Nix * Prolog * QML * Oz (programming language), Oz * RDQL * SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free * SPARQL * SQL (Only DQL, not DDL, DCL, and DML) * Soufflé (programming language), Soufflé * VHDL (supports declarative programming, imperative programming, and functional programming) * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language) * WOQL (TerminusDB) * xBase * XSL TransformationsEmbeddable languages
In source code
Source embeddable languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text, often a web page. Client-side embedded languages are limited by the abilities of the browser or intended client. They aim to provide dynamism to web pages without the need to recontact the server. Server-side embedded languages are much more flexible, since almost any language can be built into a server. The aim of having fragments of server-side code embedded in a web page is to generate additional markup dynamically; the code itself disappears when the page is served, to be replaced by its output.Server side
* PHP * VBScript * Tcl – server-side in NaviServer and an essential component in electronics industry systems The above examples are particularly dedicated to this purpose. A large number of other languages, such as Erlang (programming language), Erlang, Scala (programming language), Scala, Perl, Ring (programming language), Ring and Ruby (programming language), Ruby can be adapted (for instance, by being made into Apache HTTP Server, Apache modules).Client side
* ActionScript * JavaScript, JavaScript (aka ECMAScript or JScript) * VBScript (Windows only)In object code
A wide variety of dynamic or scripting languages can be embedded in compiled executable code. Basically, object code for the language's interpreter (computing), interpreter needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred. * AngelScript * Ch (computer programming), Ch * EEL * Io (programming language), Io * Jq (programming language), jq (C and Go) * Julia (programming language), Julia * Lua (programming language), Lua * Luau (programming language), Luau * Python (programming language), Python * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby (via mruby) * Squirrel (programming language), Squirrel * TclEducational programming languages
Languages developed primarily for the purpose of teaching and learning of programming. * Alice (software), Alice * Blockly * Catrobat * COMAL (programming language), COMAL * ELAN (programming language), Elan * Emerald (programming language), Emerald * Ezhil (programming language), Ezhil * Logo (programming language), Logo * Modula-2 * Pascal (programming language), Pascal * Racket (programming language), Racket * Scheme (programming language), Scheme * Scratch (programming language), Scratch * Snap! (programming language), Snap! * Turing (programming language), Turing * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Esoteric languages
An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke. * Beatnik (programming language), Beatnik * Befunge * Brainfuck * Chef (programming language), Chef * INTERCAL * LOLCODE * Malbolge * Piet (programming language), Piet * Shakespeare (programming language), Shakespeare * Whitespace (programming language), WhitespaceExtension languages
Extension programming languages are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts. * AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD) * BeanShell * Cakewalk (sequencer)#Features, CAL * C/AL (C/SIDE) * GNU Guile, Guile * Emacs Lisp * JavaScript and some dialects, e.g., JScript * Lua (programming language), Lua (embedded in many games) * OpenCL (extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU) * OptimJ (extension of Java with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing) * Perl * Pike (programming language), Pike * PowerShell * Python (programming language), Python (embedded in Maya, Blender, and other 3-D animation packages) * Rexx * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby (Google SketchUp) * S-Lang * SQL * Squirrel (programming language), Squirrel * Tcl * Vim script (vim) * Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)Fourth-generation languages
Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level programming languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments. * 1C:Enterprise programming language * ABAP * CorVision * Computer Sciences Corporation, CSC's GraphTalk * DATACOM/DB, CA-IDEAL (Interactive Development Environment for an Application Life) for use with CA-DATACOM/DB * Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus) * FOCUS * IBM Informix-4GL * LINC 4GL * LiveCode (Not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs.) * MAPPER (Unisys, Unisys/Sperry) – now part of BIS * MARK IV (software), MARK-IV (Sterling Software, Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA * NATURAL * Progress 4GL * PV-Wave * RETRIEVE * SAS (software), SAS * SQL * Ubercode (VHLL, or Very-High-Level Language) * Uniface (programming language), Uniface * Visual DataFlex * Visual FoxPro * xBaseFunctional languages
Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions and treat them as first-class. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Many functional languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:Pure
* Agda (programming language), Agda * Clean (programming language), Clean * Cuneiform (programming language), Cuneiform * Curry (programming language), Curry * Elm (programming language), Elm * Futhark (programming language), Futhark * Haskell * Hope (programming language), Hope * Idris (programming language), Idris * Joy (programming language), Joy * jq (programming language), jq (but functions are 2nd class) * Lean (proof assistant), Lean * Mercury (programming language), Mercury * Miranda (programming language), Miranda * Pure (programming language), Pure * PureScript * Ur (programming language), Ur * Kent Recursive Calculator, KRC * Rocq (software), Rocq (previously known as ''Coq'') * SAC programming language, SAC * SASL (programming language), SASL * SequenceLImpure
* APL (programming language), APL * ATS (programming language), ATS * CAL (programming language), CAL * C++ (since C++11) * C Sharp (programming language), C# * VB.NET * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon * Curl (programming language), Curl * D (programming language), D * Dart (programming language), Dart * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source ** ArkTS ** TypeScript * Erlang (programming language), Erlang ** Elixir (programming language), Elixir ** Gleam (programming language), Gleam ** LFE (programming language), LFE * Fexl (programming language), Fexl * Flix (programming language), Flix * LabVIEW, G (used in LabVIEW) * Groovy (programming language), Groovy * Hop (software), Hop * J (programming language), J * Java (programming language), Java (since version 8) * Julia (programming language), Julia * Kotlin (programming language), Kotlin * Lisp (programming language), Lisp ** Clojure ** Common Lisp ** Dylan (programming language), Dylan ** Emacs Lisp ** LFE (programming language), LFE ** Little b (programming language), Little b ** Logo (programming language), Logo ** Racket (programming language), Racket ** Scheme (programming language), Scheme *** GNU Guile, Guile ** Tea (programming language), Tea * ML (programming language), ML ** Standard ML (SML) *** Alice (programming language), Alice ** OCaml ** F Sharp (programming language), F# * Nemerle * Nim (programming language), Nim * Opal (programming language), Opal * OPS5 * Perl * PHP * PL/pgSQL * Python (programming language), Python * Q (equational programming language) * Q (programming language from Kx Systems) * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * REFAL * Rust (programming language), Rust * Scala (programming language), Scala * Swift (programming language), Swift * Spreadsheets * V (programming language), V (Vlang) * Tcl * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Hardware description languages
In electronics, a hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure, design, and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL. Hardware description languages include:HDLs for analog circuit design
* Verilog-AMS (Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal) * VHDL-AMS (VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)HDLs for digital circuit design
* Advanced Boolean Expression Language * Altera Hardware Description Language * Bluespec * Confluence * ELLA (programming language), ELLA * Handel-C * Impulse C * Lola (computing), Lola * MyHDL * PALASM * Ruby (hardware description language) * SystemC * SystemVerilog * Verilog * VHDL (VHSIC HDL)Imperative languages
Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the imperative paradigm: * Ada (programming language), Ada * ALGOL 58 ** JOVIAL ** NELIAC * ALGOL 60 (very influential language design) * ALGOL 68 * BASIC * C (programming language), C * C++ * C Sharp (programming language), C# * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon * CHILL * COBOL * D (programming language), D * Dart (programming language), Dart * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source * FORTRAN * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * Go (programming language), Go * Groovy (programming language), Groovy * Icon (programming language), Icon * Java (programming language), Java * Julia (programming language), Julia * Lua (programming language), Lua * MATLAB * Machine code, Machine languages * Modula-2, Modula-3 * MUMPS * Nim (programming language), Nim * OCaml * Oberon (programming language), Oberon * Object Pascal * Object REXX, Open Object Rexx (ooRexx) * Open Programming Language (OPL) * OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (ABL) * Pascal (programming language), Pascal * Perl * PHP * PL/I * IBM PL/S, PL/S * PowerShell * PROSE modeling language, PROSE * Python (programming language), Python * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rexx * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * Rust (programming language), Rust * SETL * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Swift (programming language), Swift * Tcl * V (programming language), V (Vlang) * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Interactive mode languages
Known as Read–eval–print loop, REPL - Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation seen immediately. * APL (programming language), APL * BASIC (some dialects) * Clojure * Common Lisp * Dart (programming language), Dart (with Observatory or Dartium's developer tools) * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source ** ArkTS * Erlang (programming language), Erlang * Elixir (programming language), Elixir (with iex) * F Sharp (programming language), F# * Fril * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * Groovy (programming language), Groovy * GNU Guile, Guile * Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter) * IDL (programming language), IDL * J (programming language), J * Java (programming language), Java (since version 9) * Julia (programming language), Julia * Lua (programming language), Lua * MUMPS (an ANSI standard general-purpose language) * Maple (software), Maple * MATLAB * ML (programming language), ML * Nim (programming language), Nim (with INim) * OCaml * Perl * PHP * Pike (programming language), Pike * PostScript * PowerShell (.NET-based CLI) * Prolog * Python (programming language), Python * PROSE modeling language, PROSE * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Rexx * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby (with Interactive Ruby Shell, IRB) * Scala (programming language), Scala * Scheme (programming language), Scheme * Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment) * S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh) * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Swift (programming language), Swift * Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh) * Unix shell * Visual FoxPro * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Interpreted languages
Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term ''interpreted language'' generally refers to languages that are usually interpreted rather than compiled. * Apache Ant, Ant * APL (programming language), APL * AutoHotkey scripting language * AutoIt scripting language * BASIC (some dialects) * Programming Language for Business (PL/B, formerly DATABUS, later versions added optional compiling) * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel (via ''Melting Ice Technology'' in EiffelStudio) * Emacs Lisp * FOCAL (programming language), FOCAL * GameMaker Studio, GameMaker Language * Groovy (programming language), Groovy * J (programming language), J * jq (programming language), jq * Julia (programming language), Julia (compiled on the fly to machine code, by default, interpreting also available) * JavaScript * Lisp (programming language), Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed) * LPC (programming language), LPC * Lua (programming language), Lua * MUMPS (an ANSI standard general-purpose language) * Maple (software), Maple * MATLAB * OCaml * Pascal (programming language), Pascal (early implementations) * PCASTL * Perl * PHP * PostScript * PowerShell * PROSE modeling language, PROSE * Python (programming language), Python * Rexx * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * S-Lang * Seed7 * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Standard ML (SML) * Parallax Propeller, Spin * Tcl * Tea (programming language), Tea * TorqueScript * VBScript * Windows PowerShell – .NET-based CLI * Some scripting languages – #Scripting languages, below * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Iterative languages
Iterative languages are built around or offering generator (computer science), generators. * Aldor * Alphard (programming language), Alphard * Generator (computer programming)#C++, C++ * Generator (computer science)#C#, C# * CLU (programming language), CLU * Cobra (programming language), Cobra * ECMAScript (ES6+) * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel, through "agents" * Icon (programming language), Icon * Information Processing Language, IPL-v * jq (programming language), jq * Julia (programming language), Julia * Lua (programming language), Lua * Nim (programming language), Nim * PHP * Python (programming language), Python * Raku (programming language), Raku * SatherLanguages by memory management type
Garbage collected languages
Garbage Collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program but is no longer used. * APL (programming language), APL * C Sharp (programming language), C# * Clean (programming language), Clean * Crystal (programming language), Crystal * Dart (programming language), Dart * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source * Emerald (programming language), Emerald * Erlang (programming language), Erlang * Go (programming language), Go * Apache Groovy, Groovy * Haskell * Java (programming language), Java * Julia (programming language), Julia * Kotlin (programming language), Kotlin * LabVIEW * Lisp (programming language), Lisp (originator) ** Arc (programming language), Arc ** Clojure ** Common Lisp ** Dylan (programming language), Dylan ** Emacs Lisp ** GNU Guile, Guile ** Racket (programming language), Racket ** Scheme (programming language), Scheme ** Logo (programming language), Logo * Lua (programming language), Lua * ML (programming language), ML ** Standard ML (SML) *** Alice (programming language), Alice ** OCaml * Modula-3 * Perl * PHP * PowerShell * Python (programming language), Python * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * Smalltalk * Speakeasy (computational environment), SpeakeasyLanguages with manual memory management
* ALGOL 68 * Assembly language, Assembly (various) * BLISS * C (programming language), C * C++ * Component Pascal * Forth (programming language), Forth * Fortran * FreeBASIC * Modula-2 * Oberon (programming language), Oberon * Pascal (programming language), Pascal * PL/I * Zig (programming language), ZigLanguages with optional manual memory management
* Ada (programming language), Ada * Blitz BASIC * COBOL * D (programming language), D * Nim (programming language), Nim * Objective-C * Objective-C#Objective-C++, Objective-C++ * PostScript * Rust (programming language), Rust * V (programming language), V * Vala (programming language), Vala Some programming languages without the inherent ability to manually manage memory, like Cython, Swift (programming language), Swift, and Scala (programming language), Scala (Scala Native only), are able to import or call functions likemalloc and free from C (programming language), C through a foreign function interface.
Languages with deterministic memory management
* Ada (programming language), Ada * C (programming language), C * C++ * Fortran * Nim (programming language), Nim * Pascal (programming language), Pascal * Rust (programming language), Rust * Objective-C * Zig (programming language), Zig * Modula-3Languages with automatic reference counting (ARC)
* Nim (programming language), Nim * Objective-C * Perl * Swift (programming language), Swift * Visual Basic * XojoList-based languages – LISPs
List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based on the List (abstract data type), list data structure. * Lisp (programming language), Lisp ** Arc (programming language), Arc ** Clojure ** Common Lisp ** Dylan (programming language), Dylan ** Emacs Lisp ** GNU Guile, Guile ** Racket (programming language), Racket ** Scheme (programming language), Scheme ** Logo (programming language), Logo * Joy (programming language), Joy * R (programming language), R * Source (programming language), Source * Tcl ** Tea (programming language), Tea * TRAC (programming language), TRACLittle languages
Domain-specific language, Little languages serve a specialized problem domain. * AWK, awk – used for text file manipulation. * sed – parses and transforms text * SQL – has only a few keywords and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language – many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a stored procedure languageLogic-based languages
Logic programming, Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must-have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution. Notable languages following this programming paradigm include: * Algebraic Logic Functional (programming language), ALF * Alma-0 * Curry (programming language), Curry * Datalog * Fril * Flix (programming language), Flix (a functional programming language with first-class Datalog constraints) * Janus (concurrent constraint programming language), Janus * λProlog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming) * Oz (programming language), Oz, and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz * Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn clause, Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called Resolution (logic), logical resolution) ** Mercury (programming language), Mercury (based on Prolog) ** Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension) * ROOP (programming language), ROOP * Soufflé (programming language), SouffléMachine languages
Machine code, Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each bit pattern causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are specific to a family of processors; machine-language code for one family of processors cannot run directly on processors in another family unless the processors in question have additional hardware to support it (for example, DEC VAX processors included a PDP-11 compatibility mode). They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Some commonly used machine code instruction set architecture, instruction sets are: *RISC-V * ARM architecture family, ARM ** Original 32-bit computing, 32-bit ** 16-bit Thumb instructions (subset of registers used) ** 64-bit computing, 64-bit (major architecture change) * Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC: ** 18-bit computing, 18-bit: PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9, PDP-15 ** 12-bit computing, 12-bit: PDP-5, PDP-8, LINC-8, PDP-12 ** 36-bit computing, 36-bit: PDP-6, PDP-10, DECSYSTEM-20 ** 16-bit computing, 16-bit: PDP-11 (influenced VAX and M68000) ** 32-bit: VAX ** 64-bit: DEC Alpha, Alpha * Intel 8008, Intel 8080, 8080 and Intel 8085, 8085 ** Zilog Z80 * x86: ** x86#16-bit, 16-bit x86, first used in the Intel 8086 *** Intel 8086 and Intel 8088, 8088 (the latter was used in the first and early IBM Personal Computer, IBM PC) *** Intel 80186 *** Intel 80286 (the first x86 processor with protected mode, used in the IBM Personal Computer AT, IBM PC AT) ** IA-32, introduced in the i386, 80386 ** x86-64 – The original specification was created by AMD. There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same: *** AMD's x86-64#AMD64, AMD64 *** Intel's Intel 64 * IBM ** IBM 305 RAMAC, 305 ** IBM 650, 650 ** IBM 701, 701 ** IBM 702, 702, IBM 705, 705 and IBM 7080, 7080 ** IBM 704, 704, IBM 709, 709, IBM 7040, 7040, 7044, IBM 7090, 7090, IBM 7094, 7094 ** IBM 1400 series, 1400 series, 7010 ** IBM 7030 Stretch, 7030 ** IBM 7070, 7070, 7072, 7074 ** IBM System/360, System/360 and successors, including z/Architecture * MIPS architecture, MIPS * Motorola 6800 (8-bit computing, 8-bit) * Motorola 68000 series (CPUs used in early Mac (computer), Macintosh and early Sun Microsystems, Sun computers) * MOS Technology 65xx (8-bit computing, 8-bit) ** MOS Technology 6502, 6502 (CPU for NES, VIC-20, BBC Micro, Apple II, and Atari 8-bit computers) ** MOS Technology 6510, 6510 (CPU for Commodore 64) ** Western Design Center WDC 65C816, 65816/65802 (CPU for Apple IIGS and (variant) Super Nintendo Entertainment System) * National Semiconductor NS32000, NS320xx * IBM POWER architecture, POWER, first used in the IBM RS/6000 ** PowerPC – used in Power Macintosh and in many PowerPC#Gaming consoles, game consoles, particularly of the Seventh generation of video game consoles, seventh generation. ** Power ISA – an evolution of PowerPC. * Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation, Oracle) SPARC * UNIVAC ** 30-bit computers: UNIVAC 490, 490, 492, 494, AN/USQ-20, 1230 ** 36-bit computing, 36-bit computers *** UNIVAC 1101, 1101, UNIVAC 1103, 1103, UNIVAC 1105, 1105 *** UNIVAC 1100/2200 series, 1100/2200 series * MCST Elbrus 2000Macro languages
Textual substitution macro languages
Macro (computer science), Macro languages transform one source code file into another. A "macro" is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one (not to be confused with hygienic macros), possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to preprocess source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like Include directive, file inclusion. Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a# in the case of the C preprocessor). Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a string literal, so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like PHP, which are fully featured.
* C preprocessor, cpp (the C preprocessor)
* M4 (computer language), m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
* ML/I (general-purpose macro processor)
* TTM (programming language), TTM (developed at the California Institute of Technology)
Application macro languages
Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, ECMAScript for XML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called "macro languages", although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like M4 (computer language), m4.Metaprogramming languages
Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at Run time (program lifecycle phase), run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually. * C++ * Compiler-compiler#CWIC, CWIC * Curl (programming language), Curl * D (programming language), D * Emacs Lisp * Elixir (programming language), Elixir * F Sharp (programming language), F# * Groovy (programming language), Groovy * Haskell * Julia (programming language), Julia * Lisp (programming language), Lisp * Lua (programming language), Lua * Maude system * META II (and META I, a subset) * MetaOCaml * Nemerle * Nim (programming language), Nim * Perl * Python (programming language), Python * Raku (programming language), Raku * Red (programming language), Red * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * Rust (programming language), Rust * Scheme (programming language), Scheme * SequenceL * Smalltalk * Source (programming language), Source * TREE-META * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Multiparadigm languages
Multi-paradigm programming language, Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a Computer program, program to use more than one Computer program, programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way. * 1C:Enterprise programming language (generic, imperative, object-oriented, prototype-based, functional) * Ada (programming language), Ada (concurrent computing, concurrent, distributed computing, distributed, Generic programming, generic (template metaprogramming), Imperative programming, imperative, Object-oriented programming, object-oriented (Class (computer science), class-based)) * Algebraic Logic Functional (programming language), ALF (Functional programming, functional, logic programming, logic) * Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic) * APL (programming language), APL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) * BETA (programming language), BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) * C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, metaprogramming) * C Sharp (programming language), C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative) * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative) * ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly) * Cobra (programming language), Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual) * Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), Aspect-oriented programming, aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic)) * Curl (programming language), Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) * Curry (programming language), Curry (concurrent, functional, logic) * D (programming language), D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) * Dart (programming language), Dart (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based)) * Delphi (software), Delphi Object Pascal (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) * Dylan (programming language), Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based)) * ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)) ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic, functional (agents), concurrent (SCOOP)) * F Sharp (programming language), F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented) * Fantom (programming language), Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based)) * Go (programming language), Go (imperative, procedural), * Groovy (programming language), Groovy (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, procedural) * Harbour (software), Harbour * Hop (software), Hop * J (programming language), J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) * Java (programming language), Java (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional) * Julia (programming language), Julia (imperative, multiple dispatch ("object-oriented"), functional, metaprogramming) * LabVIEW (Visual programming language, visual, Dataflow programming, dataflow, concurrent, modular, functional, object-oriented, scripting) * Lua (programming language), Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (Prototype-based programming, prototype-based)) * Mercury (programming language), Mercury (functional, logical, object-oriented) * Metaobject, Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based)) * Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming) * Objective-C (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective) * OCaml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), modular) * Oz (programming language), Oz (functional (evaluation: eager evaluation, eager, lazy evaluation, lazy), logic, Constraint programming, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed), and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz * Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) * Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules)) * PHP (imperative, object-oriented, functional (can't be purely functional)) * Pike (programming language), Pike (interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language ) * Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual) * Python (programming language), Python (functional, compiled, interpreted, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming, extension, impure, interactive mode, iterative, reflective, scripting) * R (programming language), R (array, interpreted, impure, interactive mode, list-based, object-oriented prototype-based, scripting) * Racket (programming language), Racket (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based) and can be extended by the user) * Raku (programming language), Raku (concurrent, concatenative, functional, metaprogramming generic, imperative, reflection object-oriented, pipelines, reactive, and via libraries constraints, distributed) * Rebol (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected)) * Red (programming language), Red (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected)) * ROOP (programming language), ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based) * Ring (programming language), Ring (imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming, declarative, natural) * Ruby (programming language), Ruby (imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) * Rust (programming language), Rust (concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented, generic, metaprogramming, compiled) * Scala (programming language), Scala (functional, object-oriented) * Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic) * SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional) * Spreadsheets (functional, visual) * Swift (programming language), Swift (protocol-oriented, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block-structured) * Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) ** Tea (programming language), Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) * V (programming language), V (Vlang) (functional, imperative, procedural, structured, concurrent) * Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based)) * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Numerical analysis
Several general-purpose programming languages, such as C (programming language), C and Python (programming language), Python, are also used for technical computing, this list focuses on languages almost exclusively used for technical computing. * AIMMS * AMPL (programming language), AMPL * Analytica (software), Analytica * Fortran * FreeMat * Frink (programming language), Frink * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * General Algebraic Modeling System, GAMS * GNU Data Language (GDL) * GNU Octave * Interactive Data Language (IDL) * J (programming language), J * Julia (programming language), Julia * Klerer-May System * Mathcad * MATLAB * MiniZinc * O-Matrix * OptimJ * Ox (programming language), Ox * PROSE modeling language, PROSE * R (programming language), R * Oberon (programming language), Seneca – an Oberon (programming language), Oberon variant * Scilab * SequenceL * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Sysquake * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language)Non-English-based languages
* Chinese BASIC (Chinese) * Fjölnir (programming language), Fjölnir (Icelandic) * LSE (programming language), Language Symbolique d'Enseignement (French) * Rapira (Russian) * ezhil (programming language), ezhil (Tamil)Object-oriented class-based languages
Class (computer programming), Class-based object-oriented programming languages support Object (computer science), objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept, if not the main concept, in object-oriented languages. Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called Method (computer programming), methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system).Multiple dispatch
* Common Lisp * Cecil (programming language), Cecil * Dylan (programming language), Dylan * Julia (programming language), Julia * Raku (programming language), RakuSingle dispatch
* ActionScript, ActionScript 3.0 * Actor (programming language), Actor * Ada (programming language), Ada 95 and Ada (programming language), Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language) * APL (programming language), APL * BETA (programming language), BETA * C++ * C Sharp (programming language), C# * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon * Dart (programming language), Dart * Oxygene (programming language), Oxygene (formerly named Chrome) * ChucK * Cobra (programming language), Cobra * ColdFusion * Curl (programming language), Curl * D (programming language), D * Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) * Delphi (software), Delphi Object Pascal * E (programming language), E * GNU E * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel ** Sather ** Ubercode * Fortran 2003 * Fortress (programming language), Fortress * Gambas * GameMaker: Studio, Game Maker Language * Harbour (software), Harbour * J (programming language), J * Java (programming language), Java ** Processing (programming language), Processing ** Groovy (programming language), Groovy ** Join Java ** Tea (programming language), Tea ** X10 (programming language), X10 * LabVIEW * Lua (programming language), Lua * Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity) ** Modula-3 (added more object-oriented features to Modula-2) * Nemerle * NetRexx * Oberon-2 (full object-orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner) * Object Pascal * Object REXX * Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax) * OCaml * OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (ABL) * Oz (programming language), Oz, Mozart Programming System * Perl 5 * PHP * Pike (programming language), Pike * Prograph * Python (programming language), Python (interpretive language, optionally object-oriented) * Revolution (programming language), Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects) * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * Scala (programming language), Scala * Speakeasy (computational environment), Speakeasy * Simula (first object-oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard) * Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, developed at PARC (company), Xerox PARC) ** Little Smalltalk ** Pharo ** Squeak *** Scratch (programming language), Scratch ** IBM VisualAge ** VisualWorks * Parallax Propeller, SPIN * SuperCollider * VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language) * Visual DataFlex * Visual FoxPro * Visual Prolog * Microsoft Dynamics AX, X++ * Xojo * XOTclObject-oriented prototype-based languages
Prototype-based programming, Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed: * 1C:Enterprise programming language * Actor-Based Concurrent Language (ABCL, ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, ABCL/c+) * Agora (programming language), Agora * Cecil (programming language), Cecil * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) ** JScript * Etoys (programming language), Etoys in Squeak * Io (programming language), Io * Lua (programming language), Lua * MOO (programming language), MOO * NewtonScript * Obliq * R (programming language), R * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Self (programming language), Self (first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk) * TADSOff-side rule languages
Off-side rule languages denote blocks of code by their indentation style, indentation. * ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule * ABC (programming language), ABC, Python's parent ** Python (programming language), Python *** Cobra (programming language), Cobra *** Boo (programming language), Boo * Miranda (programming language), Miranda, Haskell's parent ** Orwell (programming language), Orwell ** Haskell *** Curry (programming language), Curry * Elixir (programming language), Elixir (, do: blocks) * F Sharp (programming language), F# * Nemerle (off-side optional) * Nim (programming language), Nim * Occam (programming language), Occam * Parallax Propeller, SPIN * Scala (programming language), Scala (off-side optional)Procedural languages
Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include: * Ada (programming language), Ada (multi-purpose language) * ALGOL 58 ** JOVIAL ** NELIAC * ALGOL 60 (very influential language design) ** SMALL Machine ALGOL Like Language * ALGOL 68 * Alma-0 * BASIC (these lack most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990) * BCPL * BLISS * C (programming language), C * C++ * C Sharp (programming language), C# (similar to Java/C++) * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon * CHILL * ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism) * COBOL * Cobra (programming language), Cobra * ColdFusion * CPL (programming language), CPL (Combined Programming Language) * Curl (programming language), Curl * D (programming language), D * Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) (combine declarative programming and imperative programming) * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel * Forth (programming language), Forth * Fortran (better modularity in later Standards) ** F (programming language), F * GAUSS (software), GAUSS * Go (programming language), Go * Harbour (software), Harbour * HyperTalk * Java (programming language), Java ** Groovy (programming language), Groovy ** Join Java ** Tea (programming language), Tea * JOVIAL * Julia (programming language), Julia * Language H * Lasso (programming language), Lasso * Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules) * MATLAB * Mesa * MUMPS (first release was more modular than other languages of the time; the standard has become even more modular since then) * Nemerle * Nim (programming language), Nim * Oberon (programming language), Oberon, Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2) ** Component Pascal ** Oberon (programming language), Seneca * OCaml * Occam (programming language), Occam * Oriel (scripting language), Oriel * Pascal (programming language), Pascal (successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2) ** Free Pascal (FPC) ** Object Pascal, Delphi (software), Delphi * PCASTL * Perl * Pike (programming language), Pike * PL/C * PL/I (large general-purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes) * Plus (programming language), Plus * PowerShell * PROSE modeling language, PROSE * Python (programming language), Python * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rapira * IBM RPG, RPG * Rust (programming language), Rust * S-Lang * VBScript * Visual Basic * Visual FoxPro * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language) * Microsoft Dynamics AX (X++)Query languages
Reflective languages
Reflective programming languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high-level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C (programming language), C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection: * Befunge * Ceylon (programming language), Ceylon * Charm (language), Charm * ChucK * List of CLI languages, CLI ** C Sharp (programming language), C# * Cobra (programming language), Cobra * Component Pascal BlackBox Component Builder * Curl (programming language), Curl * Cypher (query language), Cypher * Delphi (software), Delphi Object Pascal * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript ** JScript * Emacs Lisp * Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel * Harbour (software), Harbour * Julia (programming language), Julia * List of JVM languages, JVM ** Java (programming language), Java ** Groovy (programming language), Groovy ** Join Java ** X10 (programming language), X10 * Lisp (programming language), Lisp ** Clojure ** Common Lisp ** Dylan (programming language), Dylan ** Logo (programming language), Logo ** Scheme (programming language), Scheme * Lua (programming language), Lua * Maude system * Oberon-2 – ETH Oberon System * Objective-C * PCASTL * Perl * PHP * Pico (programming language), Pico * Poplog ** POP-11 * PowerShell * Prolog * Python (programming language), Python * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from PARC (company), Xerox PARC) ** Little Smalltalk ** Self (programming language), Self ** Squeak ** IBM VisualAge ** VisualWorks * SNOBOL * Tcl * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language) * XOTcl * Microsoft Dynamics AX, X++ * XojoRule-based languages
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include: * awk * CLIPS * Claire (programming language), Claire * Constraint Handling Rules * Drools * GOAL agent programming language * Jess (programming language), Jess * OPS5 * Prolog * ToonTalk – robots are rules * Wolfram Mathematica (Wolfram language) *Scripting languages
* AngelScript * AppleScript * AutoHotKey * AutoIt * AWK * bc (programming language), bc * BeanShell * Bash (Unix shell), Bash * Ch (computer programming), Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter) * List of CLI languages, CLI ** C Sharp (programming language), C# (compiled to bytecode, and running Just-in-time compilation, JIT inside VM) * CLIST * ColdFusion * ECMAScript ** ActionScript ** ECMAScript for XML ** JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) ** JScript ** Source (programming language), Source * Emacs Lisp * CMS EXEC * EXEC 2 * GameMaker: Studio, Game Maker Language (GML) * Godot (game engine)#GDScript, GDScript * Io (programming language), Io * JASS (scripting language), JASS * Julia (programming language), Julia (compiled on the fly to machine code, by default, interpreting also available) * List of JVM languages, JVM ** Groovy (programming language), Groovy ** Join Java * KornShell, Ksh * Lasso (programming language), Lasso * Lua (programming language), Lua * MAXScript * Maya Embedded Language, MEL * Object REXX (OREXX, OOREXX) * Oriel (scripting language), Oriel * Pascal Script * Perl * PHP (intended for Web servers) * PowerShell * Python (programming language), Python * R (programming language), R * Raku (programming language), Raku * Rebol * Red (programming language), Red * Rexx * Revolution (programming language), Revolution * Ring (programming language), Ring * Ruby (programming language), Ruby * S-Lang * sed * Bourne shell, Sh * Smalltalk * Squirrel (programming language), Squirrel * Tea (programming language), Tea * Tcl * TorqueScript (programming language), TorqueScript * VBScript * Windows PowerShell (.NET Framework, .NET-based CLI) * Many shell command languages such as Unix shell or DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) on VMS have powerful scripting abilities.Stack-based languages
Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based on the Stack (abstract data type), stack data structure. * Beatnik (programming language), Beatnik * Befunge * Factor (programming language), Factor * Forth (programming language), Forth * Joy (programming language), Joy (all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters) * Piet (programming language), Piet * Poplog via its implementation language POP-11 * PostScript * RPL (programming language), RPL * S-LangSynchronous languages
Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called Real-time computing, realtime systems, and are used often in embedded systems. Examples: * Argus (programming language), Argus * Averest * Esterel * Lustre (programming language), Lustre * SIGNAL (programming language), Signal * Céu (programming language)Shading languages
A shading language is a graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects. Such language forms usually consist of special data types, like "color" and "normal". Due to the variety of target markets for 3D computer graphics.Real-time rendering
They provide both higher hardware abstraction and a more flexible programming model than previous paradigms which hardcoded transformation and shading equations. This gives the programmer greater control over the rendering process and delivers richer content at lower overhead. * Adobe Graphics Assembly Language (AGAL) * ARB assembly language (ARB assembly) * OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL or glslang) * High-Level Shading Language (HLSL) or DirectX Shader Assembly Language * PlayStation Shader Language (PSSL) * Metal (API), Metal Shading Language (MSL) * Cg (programming language), CgOffline rendering
Shading languages used in offline rendering produce maximum image quality. Processing such shaders is time-consuming. The computational power required can be expensive because of their ability to produce photorealistic results. * RenderMan Shading Language (RSL) * Open Shading Language (OSL)Syntax-handling languages
These languages assist with generating Lexical analysis, lexical analyzers and parsing, parsers for context-free grammars. * ANTLR * Coco/R (EBNF with semantics) * GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc) * GNU Flex (lexical analyser generator), Flex (FSF version of Lex) * lex (software), lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs) * M4 (computer language), M4 * Parsing expression grammar (PEG) * Prolog * Emacs Lisp * Lisp (programming language), Lisp * Raku (programming language), Raku * SableCC * Scheme (programming language), Scheme * yacc (yet another compiler-compiler, from Bell Labs) * JavaCCSystem languages
The system programming languages are for low-level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application software. System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes software categories such as operating systems, utility software, device drivers, compilers, and linkers. Examples of system languages include:Transformation languages
Transformation languages serve the purpose of transforming (translating) source code specified in a certain formal language into a defined destination format code. It is most commonly used in intermediate components of more complex super-systems in order to adopt internal results for input into a succeeding processing routine. * ATLAS Transformation Language, ATL * AWK * MOFM2T * QVT * Raku (programming language), Raku * XSLT is the best known XML transformation languageVisual languages
Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages. * Analytica (software), Analytica * Blockly * Clickteam, Clickteam Fusion * DRAKON * Fabrik (software), Fabrik * Grasshopper 3D, Grasshopper * Max (software), Max * NXT-G * Pict (programming language), Pict * Prograph * Pure Data * Quartz Composer * Scratch (programming language), Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk) * Snap! (programming language), Snap! * Simulink * Spreadsheets * Stateflow * Subtext (programming language), Subtext * ToonTalk * Agilent VEE, VEE * VisSim * Vvvv * XOD (programming language), XODWirth languages
Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages. * ALGOL W * Euler (programming language), Euler * Modula ** Modula-2, Modula-3, variants *** Obliq Modula 3 variant * Oberon (programming language), Oberon (Oberon, Oberon-07, Oberon-2) ** Component Pascal ** Oberon-2 * Pascal (programming language), Pascal ** Object Pascal (umbrella name for Delphi (software), Delphi, Free Pascal, Oxygene (programming language), Oxygene, others)XML-based languages
These are languages based on or that operate on XML. * Apache Ant, Ant * Cω * ECMAScript for XML * MXML * OpenLaszlo, LZX * XAML * XPath * XQuery * XProc * eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)See also
* Programming paradigm * IEC 61131-3 – a standard for programmable logic controller (PLC) languages * List of educational programming languages * List of document markup languages * List of markup languages * List of open-source programming languages * Esoteric programming languageNotes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Programming Languages By Category Lists of programming languages, Array programming languages