Wicked Priest

Wicked Priest (; Romanized Hebrew: ''ha- kōhēn hā-rāš'ā'') is a sobriquet used in the Dead Sea Scrolls '' pesharim'', four times in the Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab) and once in the Commentary on Psalm 37 (4QpPs^a), to refer to an opponent of the "Teacher of Righteousness." It has been suggested that the phrase is a pun on "ha-kōhēn hā-rōš", as meaning "the High Priest", but this term for the High Priest was obsolete at the time. He is generally identified with a Hasmonean (Maccabean) High Priest or Priests. However, his exact identification remains controversial, and has been called "one of the knottiest problems connected with the Dead Sea Scrolls."

The most commonly argued-for single candidate is Jonathan Apphus, followed by his brother Simon Thassi; the widespread acceptance of this view, despite its acknowledged weaknesses, has been dubbed the "Jonathan consensus." More recently, some scholars have argued that the sobriquet does not refer to only one individual. Most notably the "Groningen Hypothesis" advanced by García Martinez and van der Woude, argues for a series of six Wicked Priests.

Background

The Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab) was one of the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 and published in 1951. The thirteen-column scroll is a ''pesher'', or "interpretation", of the Book of Habakkuk. The Commentary on Psalm 37 is one of the three ''pesharim'' on the Book of Psalms and the only other Dead Sea scroll to use the sobriquet. Psalm 37 has been said to have "the strongest literary and thematic links" with the Book of Habakkuk, compared to the other Psalms, and the language of Psalm 37 is borrowed by the Habakkuk pesherist in the commentary on Hab. 2:17. The similar language and themes of the Commentaries on Habakkuk and Psalm 37 have been suggested as evidence of common authorship, or at least similar interpretive methods.

Radiocarbon dating tests conducted on 1QpHab and 4QpPs^a at the Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility gave a one standard deviation confidence interval of 104–43 BCE and a two sigma confidence interval of 120–5 BCE (97%); for 4QpPs^a (4Q171) the one standard deviation confidence interval was 22–78 CE and the two sigma confidence interval was 5–111 CE. Earlier paleographic dating of 1QpHab indicated a date range of 30–1 BCE.

The prediction of column 7 of 1QpHab that "the final age shall be prolonged" is sometimes interpreted to mean that the Habakkuk Commentary was written approximately 40 years after the death of the Teacher of Righteousness—the time when the final age should have ended, according to the Damascus Document.

Text

Description

The references to the Wicked Priest have been divided into three overlapping themes: violence against the Teacher of Righteousness and his followers, cultic transgressions and non-observance, and divine punishment against the Wicked Priest for these acts.

Role in the history of the Qumran community

Many scholars have gleaned from this passage that the Wicked Priest and the Teacher of Righteousness followed different liturgical calendars, thus enabling the Wicked Priest to travel on Yom Kippur; some have even suggested that the Teacher of Righteousness was a schismatic High Priest during the pre-Jonathan '' intersacerdotium''.

"Illegitimate Priest"

Several scholars have interpreted the sobriquet of "Wicked Priest" as meaning "Illegitimate Priest," i.e. not of Zadokite lineage. Some interpret 1QpHab 8.9–10—that the Wicked Priest was "called by the name of truth when he first arose"—as the initial acceptance of the Wicked Priest by the Qumran community, before Jonathan combined the diarchy of the Kingship and the Priesthood. The "Groningen Hypothesis" also follows this interpretation, based not on evidence from the pesharim but rather from external sources, namely 1 and 2 Maccabees and Josephus

Other scholars, however, argue that hereditary illegitimacy is not listed among the indiscretions of the Wicked Priest, and that this interpretation has been foisted upon the text by decades of questionable interpretation. Collins argues further that there is no evidence in the Community Rule or the Damascus Document to support the view that the Qumran community was concerned with the legitimacy of a non-Zadokite High Priest.

Other possible references

Suggested equivalents of the Wicked Priest are scattered throughout the '' pesharim''. 4QTestimonia (4Q175) mentions "an accursed man, one of Belial" who—with his sons as accomplices—spilt blood "on the breastwork of Lady Zion." Some scholars consider 4QTestimonia a reference to the Wicked Priest, arguing that it fits Simon, who was murdered with his two sons: Judas and Mattathias.

The Nahum Commentary (4Q169) contains numerous explicit references to historical figures, including Alexander Jannaeus, the "furious young lion" who takes revenge on the "seekers of smooth things" for inviting "Demetrius" to conquer Jerusalem. Vermes regards the Nahum Commentary as describing "an age following that of the Teacher of Righteousness and the Wicked Priest," but interprets the "furious young lion" of 4QpHos 2:2–3 as "the last Priest." The liturgical calendar of 4Q322, 324a–b also drops some names associated with various proposed Wicked Priests. The "scoffers" in Jerusalem from 4QpIsab have also been suggested as followers of the Wicked Priest.

The Liar

Some scholars do not differentiate between the Wicked Priest and the Liar ("Man of the Lie", Iysh Hakkazav), another sobriquet used in 1QpHab. For example, the description of the liar building "his city of vanity with blood" (1QpHab 10.10) has been marshaled another clue to the identity of the Wicked Priest.

The best evidence for distinguishing between the two figures is that the Liar is always associated with "false doctrine and the act of misleading" whereas the Wicked Priest is associated with "cultic transgressions and non-observance." Indeed, such a separation has been suggested even without recourse to sources outside the Commentary on Habakkuk.

Proposed identifications

Since the time of de Vaux, the default assumption has been that the Wicked Priest is a single individual, if only because of the appealing parallelism to the Teacher of Righteousness. The consensus time period for the founding of Qumran (150–140 BCE) includes five High Priests: three Hellenized and two Maccabean: Jason, Menelaus, Alcimus, Jonathan, and Simon, and also the various figures potentially associated with the '' intersacerdotium''.

Various early theories situated the Wicked Priest within time periods running the full gamut from the pre-Hasmonaean period, to that of early Christianity, to that of the Crusades. However, that the Wicked Priest "ruled over Israel" (1QpHab 8.10) and was able to partake in "plundering" (9.7) has persuaded most scholars to exclude from consideration the predecessors of the Hasmonean High Priests, who did not share their ability to attack other nations militarily, having been militarily subjugated to Egypt or Syria, and their successors, who were dominated by the Romans.Brownlee, 1982, p. 1. To a lesser extent, that the Wicked Priest was once called "by the name of the truth" (8.8–9) is used to disqualify the pre-Maccabean, Hellenized High Priests, who were not held in high regard by their coreligionists.Vermes, 1977, p. 151; Brownlee, 1982, p. 1.

Similarly, post-Hasmonean High Priests have not received much serious attention because the "Kittim" (identifiable as the Romans due to the distinct practice of " sacrifice to their standards" attested to in 1QpHab 6.6) are referred to in the imperfect and none of the characters associated with the beginning of the Qumran community would have come into contact with the Romans

The "Maccabean theory"—as advanced by Cross, Milik, and Vermes—traditionally identifies the Wicked Priest as either Jonathan or Simon.

Jonathan

Jonathan is the most commonly identified single candidate for the identity of the Wicked Priest. The most popularly accepted piece of evidence for the identification of Jonathan is his "death at the hands of the Gentiles," a characteristic shared only by Menelaus (172–162 BCE), who is generally chronologically excluded. 1 Maccabees 13 recounts the capture and execution of Jonathan at Bascama (in modern Jordan) by Diodotus Tryphon, the general of Seleucid King Alexander Balas, which some have attempted to fit with this incident. However, there is no compelling textual basis that the "enemies" who "took vengeance on this body of flesh" (1QpHab 9.2) need be Gentiles. Nor can Jonathan be accurately said to have died of "disease."

The so-called "King Jonathan Fragment" ( 4Q448) has been used both to argue against his identification or for it by connecting it to the Wicked Priest to having been originally "called by the name of truth."

Alexander Jannaeus

Alexander Jannaeus died, according to Josephus, of quartan fever and alcoholism, which has been compared to the references to "disease" and "drunkenness" of the Wicked Priest. Jannaeus also may lay claim to the "delivered into the hands of his enemies" passage because, according to ''Jewish Antiquities'' (13:13.5), he succumbed to an ambush by "Obedas, the King of the Arabs" before escaping to Jerusalem. The same passage has also been suggested as a pun on Jannaeus's verbose moniker (as attested to by contemporary coins, ''pictured'') —Yehonathan ("Yahweh gave"), often shorted as Yannai—a pun which allegedly also occurs in 1QpHab 10.3–5.

Jannaeus's "fortification, or beautification" of Jerusalem has been compared to the Wicked Priest's illicit building activities. The Wicked Priests pursuit of the Teacher of Righteousness to the "house of his exile" (1QpHab 11.6) on the "Day of Atonement" (11.7–8) has also been compared to Jannaeus's known attack on the Pharisees on the Feast of Tabernacles.

Antigonus Mattathias

Antigonus Mattathias was proposed as the figure of the Wicked Priest in 2013 by Gregory Doudna. Antigonus was the last Hasmonean king of Israel, executed by the Romans in 37 BCE.

Doudna also proposes that Hyrcanus II was seen as the Teacher of Righteousness. According to Doudna, Hyrcanus II's sectarian orientation is now generally understood to have been Sadducee; whereas Antigonus was more sympathetic towards the Pharisees.

Multiple Wicked Priests

Several scholars argue that there is no one High Priest who is the strongest candidate for identification with each of the Wicked Priest passages. The different demises of the Wicked Priest and the tenses associated with them are often cited as evidence of the impossibility of a single Wicked Priest.

Biblical examples of a title applied to a series of successors include Daniel 11, where "King of the North" and "King of the South" can apply to multiple Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings, respectively; other potential sobriquets and titles in the ''pesharim'' that can refer to a multiplicity of people include: the "Teacher of Righteousness" (both the founder and future eschatological teacher of the Qumran community), the "Searcher of the Law" (both the Teacher of Righteousness and another eschatological figure), and "Anointed" (both past prophets and future priests or kings).

Groningen hypothesis

The " Groningen hypothesis" advanced by Florentino García Martinez, later together with A.S. van der Woude, interprets columns 8 to 12 of 1QpHab as describing six Wicked Priests in chronological (but not absolute, sequential order as Aristobulus I is excluded). The six "Groningen" High Priests are: Judas Maccabeus (8.8–13), Alcimus (8.16–9.2), Jonathan (9.9–12), Simon (9.16–10.5), John Hyrcanus I (11.4–8), and Alexander Jannaeus (11.12–12.10).van der Woude, 1982. The pontificate of Alexander Jannaeus was to overlap with the writing of the Habakkuk Commentary but not the life of the Teacher of Righteousness.

The "Groningen hypothesis" argues that relative clauses and the perfect are used to describe (and disambiguate) the first five Wicked Priests, while an absolute clause and the imperfect are used to describe the sixth Wicked Priest. However, Lim contends that this requires the granting of "a number of debatable changes to the text,"Lim, 1992, p. 465. and argues that the relative pronoun ''is'' used in the final columns in relation to the "sixth" Wicked Priest. Furthermore, the "second" and "fourth" Wicked Priests are not explicitly referred to as such in the Habakkuk Commentary but rather "the priest who rebelled" (8.16) and "the riestwho…" (9.16), respectively.

The positing of Judas as the "first" Wicked Priest is attested to in Josephus ('' JA'' 12:4.14, 19, 34), but later contradicted (20: 10.3), and precluded by 1 Maccabees 9, which states that Judas died before Alcimus. Van der Woude reverts to 1 Maccabees 9 for the order of the High Priests. John Hyrcanus I is assigned the role of the "fifth" Wicked Priest—the one who pursues the Teacher of Righteousness to his house of exile—merely because it fits the preconceived sequence and in the absence of any documentary evidence. John Hyrcanus I is chosen over Aristobulus I only because of the shortness of the latter's reign.

Other

Alternative identifications of the Wicked Priest include Ananus ben Ananus (cf. Robert Eisenman) and Jesus (cf. Barbara Thiering).Vermes, 1999, pp. 16–17.

Notes

Citations

References

* Abbegg, Martin, Jr., Flint, Peter, and Ulrich, Eugene. 1999. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible''. San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
* Bernstein, M. 2000. "Pesher Habakkuk." In ''Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls''. Eds. Schiffzmann, L.H., and Vanderkam, J.C. Oxford: Oxford University Press. II: 647–650.
* Brook, G. 1994. "The Pesharim and the Origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls." In ''Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects''. Ed. M. Wise et al. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp. 339–353.
* Brownlee, William H. 1952. "The Historical Allusions of the Dead Sea Habakkuk Midrash." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 126: 10–20.
* Brownlee, William H. 1982. "The Wicked Priest, the Man of Lies, and the Righteous Teacher: The Problem of Identity." ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'' 73 (1): 1–37.
* Buchanan, G.W. 1969. "The Priestly Teacher of Righteousness." ''Revue de Qumrân'' 6: 553–558.
* Callaway, Phillip R. 1988. ''The History of the Qumran Community''. Sheffeld: Sheffeld Academic Press.
* Collins, J.J. 1989. "The Origins of the Qumran Community: A Review of the Evidence." In ''To Touch the Text: Biblical and Related Studies in Honor of Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J.'' Eds. M.P. Horgan and P.J. Kobelski. New York: Crossroad: 159–178.
* Cross, Frank M. 1958 (rev. eds. 1961, 1980). ''The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co.
* Davies, Philip R. 1985. "Eschatology at Qumran." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 104 (1): 39–55.
* Davies, Philip R. 1987. ''Behind the Essenes: History and Ideology in the Dead Sea Scrolls''. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
* Eisenman, Robert. 2012. ''James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls I The Historical James, Paul the Enemy, and Jesus' Brothers as Apostles''. Nashville: Grave Distractions Publications.
* García Martínez, Florentino. 1988. "Qumran Origins and Early History: A Groningen Hypothesis." ''Folia Orientalia'' 25: 113–136.
* García Martínez, Florentino, and van der Woude, A.S. 1990. "A ‘Groningen’ Hypothesis of Qumran Early Origins and Early History." ''Revue de Qumrân'' 14: 521–542.
* Jull, A.J. Timothy, Donahue, Douglas J., Broshi, Magen, and Tov, Emmanuel. 1995. "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert." ''Radiocarbon'' 37 (1): 11–19.
* Lim, Timothy H. 1990. "Eschatological Orientation and the Alteration of Scripture in the Habakkuk Pesher." ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'', 49 (2): 185–194.
* Lim, Timothy H. 1992. "The Qumran scrolls: Two hypotheses." ''Studies in Religion'' 21 (4):455–466.
* Lim, Timothy H. 1993. "The Wicked Priests of the Groningen Hypothesis." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 112 (3): 415–425.
* Lim, Timothy H. 2001. "An Alleged Reference to the Tripartite Division of the Hebrew Bible." ''Revue de Qumrân'' 77: 23–37.
* Lim, Timothy H. 2002. ''Pesharim''. New York: Sheffield Academic Press.
* Milik, Józef T. 1959. ''Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome. 1977. "The Essenes in Palestine." ''The Biblical Archeologist'' 40 (3): 100–124.
* Nickelsburg, George W. E. Jr. 1976. "Simon: A Priest with a Reputation for Faithfulness." ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 223: 67–68.
* Rabin, Chaim. 1957. ''Qumran Studies''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Rabinowitz, Isaac. 1951. "The Authorship, Audience and Date of the de Vaux Fragment of an Unknown Work." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 71 (1): 19–32.
* Segal, H.M. 1951. "The Habakkuk ‘Commentary’ and the Damascus Fragments: A Historical Study." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 70 (2): 131–147.
* Teicher, J.L. 1951. "The Dead Sea Scrolls—Documents of the Jewish-Christian Sect of Ebionites." ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' 2: 67–99.
* Thiering, B. 1978. "Once More the Wicked Priest." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 97: 191–205.
* van der Water, Rick. 2003. "The Punishment of the Wicked Priest and the Death of Judas." ''Dead Sea Discoveries'' 10 (3): 395–419.
* van der Woude, A.S. 1982. "Wicked Priest or Wicked Priests? Reflections on the Identification of the Wicked Priest in the Habakkuk Commentary in Essays in Honour of Yigael Yadin." ''Journal of Jewish Studies London'' 33 (1–2): 349–59.
* van der Woude, A.S. 1996. "Once again: The wicked priests in the Habakkuk Pesher from Cave 1 of Qumran." ''Revue de Qumrân'' 17: 375–384.
* Vermes, Géza. 1977 (3rd. ed. 1987). ''The Dead Sea Scrolls''. Cleveland: William Collins & World Publishing Co. Inc.
* Vermes, Géza. 1993. "The So-Called King Jonathan Fragment (4Q448)." ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' 44: 294–300.
* Vermes, Géza. 1999. ''An Introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls''. London: Fortress Press.
* Vermes, Géza. 2004 (Rev. edn.). ''The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English''. London: Penguin Books.
* Weis, P.R. 1950. "The Date of the Habakkuk Scroll." ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'' 41 (2): 125–154.

External links

*
Jannaeus, His Brother Absalom, and Judah the Essene
" by Stephen Goranson. Evidence that Jannaeus was the Wicked Priest

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Dead Sea Scrolls