Orthographic projection centred over Bremen and the Weser watershed

The Weser () is a

river A river is a natural stream of fresh water that flows on land or inside Subterranean river, caves towards another body of water at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, lake, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of ...

Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is a States of Germany, German state (') in Northern Germany, northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ' of the Germany, Federal Re ...

in north-west

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

. It begins at Hannoversch Münden through the

confluence In geography, a confluence (also ''conflux'') occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel (geography), channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main ...

of the

Werra The Werra (), a river in central Germany, is the right-bank headwater of the Weser. "Weser" is a synonym in an old dialect of German. The Werra has its source near Eisfeld in southern Thuringia. After the Werra joins the river Fulda in the to ...

and

Fulda Fulda () (historically in English called Fuld) is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (''Kreis''). In 1990, the city hosted the 30th Hessentag state festival. Histor ...

. It passes through the

Hanseatic The Hanseatic League was a Middle Ages, medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central Europe, Central and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Growing from a few Northern Germany, North German towns in the ...

city of

Bremen Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (, ), is the capital of the States of Germany, German state of the Bremen (state), Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (), a two-city-state consisting of the c ...

. Its mouth is further north against the ports of

Bremerhaven Bremerhaven (; ) is a city on the east bank of the Weser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of the Bremen (state), city-state of Bremen. The Geeste (river), River Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser. Brem ...

and

Nordenham Nordenham () is a town in the Wesermarsch district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located at the mouth (on the west bank) of the Weser river on the Butjadingen peninsula on the coast of the North Sea. The seaport city of Bremerhaven is locat ...

. The latter is on the Butjadingen Peninsula. It then merges into the

North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...

via two highly

saline Saline may refer to: Salt-related * Saline (medicine), a liquid with salt content to match the human body * Saline water, non-medicinal salt water * Saline, a historical term (especially American) for a salt works or saltern Places United States ...

estuarine An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environm ...

mouths. It connects to the canal network running east–west across the

North German Plain The North German Plain or Northern Lowland () is one of the major geographical regions of Germany. It is the German part of the North European Plain. The region is bounded by the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the north, Germany's ...

. The river, when combined with the Werra (a dialectal form of ''Weser''), is long and thus, the longest river entirely situated within Germany (the

Main Main may refer to: Geography *Main River (disambiguation), multiple rivers with the same name *Ma'in, an ancient kingdom in modern-day Yemen * Main, Iran, a village in Fars Province *Spanish Main, the Caribbean coasts of mainland Spanish territ ...

, however, is the longest if the Weser-Werra are considered separate). The Weser itself is long. The Werra rises in

Thuringia Thuringia (; officially the Free State of Thuringia, ) is one of Germany, Germany's 16 States of Germany, states. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area. Er ...

, the

German state The Federal Republic of Germany is a federation and consists of sixteen partly sovereign ''states''. Of the sixteen states, thirteen are so-called area-states ('Flächenländer'); in these, below the level of the state government, there is a ...

south of the main projection (tongue) of Lower Saxony.

Etymology

"Weser" and "Werra" are the same words in different dialects. The difference reflects the old linguistic border between Central and

Low German Low German is a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language variety, language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands. The dialect of Plautdietsch is also spoken in the Russian Mennonite diaspora worldwide. "Low" ...

, passing through Hannoversch Münden. The name likely derives from the Old Germanic ''*waisōn'' "flow, ooze". It is cognate with the

Wear Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology. Wear in ...

in England and

Vistula The Vistula (; ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length. Its drainage basin, extending into three other countries apart from Poland, covers , of which is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra i ...

(Polish Wisła, German Weichsel) in Poland, all of which are derived from the

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-Euro ...

root *''weys-'' "to flow", which also gives rise to Old English/Old Frisian ''wāse'' "mud, ooze", Old Norse ''veisa'' "slime, stagnant pool", Dutch ''waas'' "haze; soggy land" (see

Waasland The Waasland (, archaically "Waesland") or Land van Waas () is a historic region in northern Belgium. It is part of the Belgian province of East Flanders. The other borders are with the Scheldt and Durme rivers (east and south) and, to the north, ...

), Old Saxon ''waso'' "wet ground, mire", Old High German ''wasal'' "rain", and French ''vase'' "mud, sludge".

Course

The Weser starts at the confluence of the Fulda and the Werra. It then runs down to the

Porta Westfalica Porta Westfalica () is a town in the district of Minden-Lübbecke, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The name "''Porta Westfalica''" is Latin and means "gate to Westphalia". Coming from the north, the gorge is the entry to the region of West ...

between two high hill ranges, the ⁣⁣Wiehengebirge⁣⁣ in the west and the

Weserbergland The Weser Uplands (German: ''Weserbergland'', ) is a hill region in Germany, between Hannoversch Münden and Porta Westfalica, along the river Weser. The area reaches into three states, Lower Saxony, Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia. Important t ...

in the east. Between

Minden Minden () is a middle-sized town in the very north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the largest town in population between Bielefeld and Hanover. It is the capital of the district () of Minden-Lübbecke, situated in the cultural region ...

and the North Sea, humans have largely canalised the river up to a limit of 1,200-ton ships. Eight hydroelectric dams stand at the ends of adjacent weir weirstreams that make up the river. The navigation is linked west to the

Dortmund–Ems Canal The Dortmund–Ems Canal is a long canal in Germany between the inland port of the city of Dortmund () and the seaport of Emden. The artificial southern part of the canal ends after at Herbrum lock near Meppen. The route then takes the r ...

via the Coastal Canal. It is linked east at

to the

Elbe The Elbe ( ; ; or ''Elv''; Upper Sorbian, Upper and , ) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Ge ...

. A large reservoir, the

Edersee The Edersee, also known as the Ederstausee, is an reservoir in Waldeck-Frankenberg, Hesse, Germany holding back an estimated . It has the second-largest area (behind the Forggensee), and the third-largest volume (behind the Bleilochstausee and ...

, on the Eder, the main tributary of the Fulda, is used to allow enough water depth for shipping year-round. The dam, built in 1914, was bombed and severely damaged by British aircraft in May 1943, causing great destruction and about 70 deaths downstream. It was rebuilt within four months. The reservoir is a major summer resort area. Turbines driven by its sluices provide electricity. AlteWeser 1964

Weserradweg b Oedelsheim.jpg, "Upper" Weser, in reality the central section between the upper courses Werra and Fulda, and the lowland section Minden Weser-Mittelland Kanal Lock 01.jpg,

Mittelland Canal The Mittelland Canal, also known as the Midland Canal, (, ) is a major canal in central Germany. It forms an important link in the waterway network of the country, providing the principal east-west inland waterway connection. Its significanc ...

/River Weser Lock in Minden taken in 1977 MI-16 River Weser (Minden) North (RLH).jpg, View north of the River Weser and the road bridge at Minden River Weser (Minden) South To Porta West Falica (RLH).jpg, Southern view of the River Weser from the road bridge at Minden in 1977 The Weser enters the North Sea in the southernmost part of the

German Bight The German Bight ( ; ; ); ; ; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and Germany to the east (the Jutland peninsula). To the north and west i ...

. In the sea it splits into two arms –the riverbed at the end of the last ice age. These sea arms are called ''Alte Weser'' (old Weser) and ''Neue Weser'' (new Weser). They are the waterways for ships heading for the ports of

, and

. The Alte Weser Lighthouse marks the northernmost point of the Weser. This replaced the Roter Sand Lighthouse in 1964.

Tributaries

The largest tributary of the Weser is the Aller, which joins south of Bremen. Tributaries of the Weser and the Werra (from source to mouth) are: Modes of the list: * Listed upstream, but sides seen with the flow * Distances ("km …") from the hydrographical limit towards the sea ** "II", "III"and "IV" mark distances of secondary/tertiary tributaries from the confluence with the Weser etc. * After the names, lengths and basin sizes are given. * Lengths with longer affluents are given behind the slash lengths including an upper course with another name with "or" Weser basin topo

List: * km 19, right: Geeste (in Bremerhaven), 42.5 km, 338 km² * km 33, right:

Lune Lune may refer to: Rivers *River Lune, in Lancashire and Cumbria, England *River Lune, Durham, in County Durham, England *Lune (Weser), a 43 km-long tributary of the Weser in Germany *Lune River (Tasmania), in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia Pl ...

, 43 km, 383 km² * km 35.9, right:

Drepte Drepte is a river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Weser north of Brake. See also *List of rivers of Lower Saxony All rivers in the German state of Lower Saxony flow directly or indirectly into the North Sea. A–Z A B D E F ...

, 37.6 km, 101 km² * km 52.8, left:

Hunte Hunte () is a long river in north-western Germany (Lower Saxony), a left tributary of the Weser. The Hunte rises in the Wiehen Hills. In the North German Plain it flows through lake Dümmer. It flows generally northwards through the towns B ...

, 189 km, 2.785 km² ** II: km 125.7: Lake

Dümmer The Dümmer () or officially Dümmer See is a large lake in southern Lower Saxony (Germany). It has a surface of 13.5 km2 and an average depth of one metre. Its elevation is 37 metres. Dümmer is a popular resort for water sports, but a ...

* km 67.6, right:

Lesum The Lesum () is a river in northern Germany, right tributary of the Weser, navigable for Class III ships. It is formed at the confluence of the rivers Wümme and Hamme, near Ritterhude, northwest of Bremen. It flows west and flows into the W ...

, 9.9 or 131.5, 2,188 km² ** II: km 9.9, right

Hamme Hamme () is a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality located in the Belgium, Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the settlements of Hamme proper, Kastel Moerzeke, and . In 2018, Hamme had a total population of 24,827. ...

, 48.5 km, 549 km² **↑ main stream:

Wümme Wümme () is a river in northern Germany, in the states Lower Saxony and Bremen, marking the border between the two states for part of its course. It is the main headstream of the Lesum. The Wümme's length is . Including the Lesum, that runs i ...

, 118 / 120, 1,585 km² * km 72.5, left:

Ochtum The Ochtum is a river in Lower Saxony and Bremen, Germany. Roughly long, it is a left tributary of the Weser. Course The Ochtum begins in Lower Saxony only a few kilometres south of the city of Bremen near Weyhe at the confluence of the Sü ...

, 25.6 or 45 km, 917 km² ** II: km 25.6: left

Hache Hache may refer to: * Hache (Ochtum), a river of Lower Saxony, Germany, headstream of the Ochtum * French destroyer ''Hache'', a destroyer built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century * ''Hache'' (TV series), a 2019 Spanish ...

, 33 km, 118 km² * km 125.6, right: Aller, 260 km, 15,744 km² ** II: km 63.6, left:

Leine The Leine (; Old Saxon ''Lagina'') is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Aller and the Weser and is long. The river's source is located close to the town of Leinefelde in Thuringia. About downriver ...

, 278 km, 5,617 km², stronger than river Aller above *** III: km 112.7, right:

Innerste The Innerste () is a river in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Leine river and in length. Origin of the name The river name is not related to the German word ''innerste'' meaning innermost. ''Innerste'', in earlier time ...

, 99.7 km, 1,264 km² *** III: km 192.8, right:

Rhume The Rhume () is a long river in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Leine. Its source is the karstic spring of Rhume Spring in Rhumspringe, south of the Harz mountain range. The water drains with high pressure from the ground of ...

, 44 km, 1,193 km², stronger than river Leine above *** IV: km 15.6, right:

Oder The Oder ( ; Czech and ) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows through wes ...

, 56 km, 385 km², headwater of the strongest waterway of Aller system ** II: km 97.3, right:

Örtze Örtze () is a river of Lower Saxony, Germany. The Örtze rises north of Munster in the ''Große Heide'' (in the ''Raubkammer'' federal forest) and, after , joins the Aller southeast of Winsen. Source and course The Örtze valley is an old ...

, 62 / 70 km, 760 km² ** II: km 140.7, left:

Oker The Oker () is a river in Lower Saxony, Germany, that has historically formed an important political boundary. It is a left tributary of the River Aller (Germany), Aller, in length and runs in a generally northerly direction. Origin and meanin ...

, 218 km, 1822 km², stronger than river Aller above * km 184.6, right: Steinhuder Meerbach ** ↑ km II: 29 lake

Steinhuder Meer Lake Steinhude, , , is a lake in Lower Saxony, Germany located northwest of Hanover. Named after the nearby village of Steinhude, it has an area of about , making it the largest lake of northwestern Germany. At the same time, Lake Steinhude is ...

* km 188.7, left:

Große Aue The Große Aue (in its upper reaches known as the ''Aue'' and then also the ''Neuer Mühlenbach'' or ''Mühlbach'') is an , southwestern, left tributary of the River Weser in northern North Rhine-Westphalia and central Lower Saxony in Germany. ...

, 84.5 km, 1,522 km² * km 261.3, left:

Werre The Werre () is a river in the Detmold region (Regierungsbezirk) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, left tributary of the Weser. Its source is near Horn-Bad Meinberg. The total length of the Werre is 71.9 km. The Werre flows generally nor ...

, 71.9 km, 1485 km² ** II: km 12.7, left: Else, 34.6 km, 416 km², branch of the

Hase The Hase () is a river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Ems, but part of its flow goes to the Else, that is part of the Weser basin. Its source is in the Teutoburg Forest, south-east of Osnabrück, on the north slope ...

, an affluent of

Ems Ems or EMS may refer to: Places and rivers * Domat/Ems, a Swiss municipality in the canton of Grisons * Ems (river) (Eems), a river in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands that discharges in the Dollart Bay * Ems (Eder), a river o ...

* km 287.7, left: Exter, 26.1 km, 109 km² * km 323.3, left:

Emmer Emmer is a hybrid species of wheat, producing edible seeds that have been used as food since ancient times. The domesticated types are ''Triticum turgidum'' subsp. ''dicoccum'' and ''T. t. ''conv.'' durum''. The wild plant is called ''T. t.'' s ...

, 61.8 km, 535 km² * km 387.5, left:

Nethe Nethe is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Weser near Höxter. See also *List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia A list of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: A B C * Calenberger Bach * Casumer Bach ...

, 50.4 km, 460 km² * km 406.5, left:

Diemel The Diemel () is a river in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a western and orographically left tributary of the Weser. It is the first, and therefore southernmost, of the larger Weser tributaries after its formation by the confluen ...

, 110.5 km, 1,762 km² * km 451.5, left:

, 220.4 km, 6.947 km² :: II: km 45.3, left: Eder, 176.1 km, 3,361 km², headwater of the strongest waterway of Weser system ::: III: km 17.1, left: Schwalm, 97.1 km, 1.299 km² ::: ↑ III: km 49.4–70.5:

reservoir :: II: 120.1, right:

Haune The Haune is a 67 km long river in Hesse, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixte ...

, 66.5 km, 500 km² * ↑ main stream above km 451.5:

, 299.6 km, 5.497 km² * km 566.5, right:

Hörsel The Hörsel () is a long river in Thuringia, Germany, right tributary of the Werra. It is formed by the confluence of two smaller rivers in Leinatal, at the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest. The Hörsel flows generally northwest through th ...

, 55.2 or 64.3, 784 km² ** km 9.8, right: Nesse, 54.5 km, 426 km² * km 513.1, left:

Ulster Ulster (; or ; or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional or historic provinces of Ireland, Irish provinces. It is made up of nine Counties of Ireland, counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom); t ...

, 57.2 km, 421 km² * km 604.4, right:

Schleuse Schleuse is a river of Thuringia, Germany. It is a tributary of the Werra, which it joins in Kloster Veßra. The town Schleusingen lies on the Schleuse. See also

*List of rivers of Thuringia Rivers of Thuringia Rivers of Germany {{Thur ...

, 34.2 km, 283 km²

Notable towns

Main towns along the Weser are (from the head of the river to its mouth): Hann. Münden,

Beverungen Beverungen () is a town in Höxter district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Location Beverungen lies in the Weser Uplands on the side of the Weser opposite Solling roughly south of Höxter. In parts of the eastern municipal ar ...

Höxter Höxter () is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel. It lies the heart of the Weser Uplands, and is the seat of the Höxter district. The district of Höxter has a popul ...

Holzminden Holzminden (; ) is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Holzminden (district), Holzminden. It is located on the river Weser, which at this point forms the border with the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. ...

Bodenwerder The ''Münchhausenstadt'' Bodenwerder is a municipality in Holzminden district, Lower Saxony, Germany. It lies on the river Weser and is best known as the birthplace and residence of Baron von Münchhausen. Geography Bodenwerder is located in ...

Hamelin Hameln ( ; ) is a town on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Hameln-Pyrmont and has a population of roughly 57,000. Hamelin is best known for the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. History Hameln ...

Hessisch Oldendorf Hessisch Oldendorf () is a town in the Hamelin-Pyrmont district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Weser, approximately northwest of Hamelin. The adjective "Hessisch" () has been used since 1905 to distinguish it from other t ...

Rinteln Rinteln () is a small town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located on the banks of the Weser river north of the Porta Westfalica. The town of Rinteln is in the broad valley between the hills of the Weserbergland and the North Lippe Bergland. In ...

Vlotho Vlotho () is a town in the district of Herford, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Vlotho is located along the Weser river, south of the Wiehengebirge, bordering on the Ravensberger Hügelland in the west, Lipperland in the south, ...

Bad Oeynhausen Bad Oeynhausen () is a spa town on the southern edge of the Wiehengebirge in the district of Minden-Lübbecke in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe, East-Westphalia-Lippe region of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The closest larger towns are Bielefeld (39 ki ...

Petershagen Petershagen is a town in the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It lies on the Westphalian Mill Route. The core is formed by the districts of Petershagen and Lahde, located opposite each other on the Weser. Geography ...

, Nienburg,

Achim Achim (; Northern Low Saxon: ''Achem''), commonly Achim bei Bremen, is a municipality and the largest town (population 30,059 in December 2006) in the district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Weser, a ...

Brake A brake is a machine, mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for Acceleration, slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of ...

, and

Popular culture

The river features in the legend and folk tale the

Pied Piper of Hamelin The Pied Piper of Hamelin (, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the title character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages. The earliest refer ...

References

Etymology

* Dieter Berger: ''Geographische Namen in Deutschland''. Duden-Verlag, Mannheim 1999. * Hans Krahe: ''Sprache und Vorzeit''. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1954. (''Zur alteuropäischen Hydronomie''.) * Julius Pokorny: ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke, Bern 1959.

Geology

* Karsten Meinke: ''Die Entwicklung der Weser im Nordwestdeutschen Flachland während des jüngeren Pleistozäns''. Diss., Göttingen 1992. Mit Bodenprofilen der Weserstädte. * Ludger Feldmann und Klaus-Dieter Meyer (Hrsg.): ''Quartär in Niedersachsen. Exkursionsführer zur Jubiläums-Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Quartärvereinigung in Hannover''. DEUQUA-Exkursionsführer, Hannover 1998, page 89ff. * Hans Heinrich Seedorf und Hans-Heinrich Meyer: ''Landeskunde Niedersachsen. Natur und Kulturgeschichte eines Bundeslandes''. Volume 1: ''Historische Grundlagen und naturräumliche Ausstattung''. Wachtholz, Neumünster 1992, page 105ff. * Ludger Feldmann: ''Das Quartär zwischen Harz und Allertal mit einem Beitrag zur Landschaftsgeschichte im Tertiär''. Papierflieger, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2002, page 133ff and others.

Archaeology

* Bremer Archäologische Blätter, Beiheft 2/2000 zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Focke-Museum: ''Siedler, Söldner und Piraten, Chauken und Sachsen im Bremer Raum'', Der Landesarchäologe Bremen, . * Bremer Archäologische Blätter, Beiheft 3/2004 zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Focke-Museum: ''Gefundene Vergangenheit'', Archäologie des Mittelalters in Bremen, Der Landesarchäologe Bremen, . (wg.Geschichte des Weserarms Balge)

History

* Georg Bessell: ''Geschichte Bremerhavens''. Morisse, Bremerhaven 1927, 1989. * Heinz Conradis: ''Der Kampf um die Weservertiefung in alter Zeit''. In: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch''. Bremen 41.1944. * J. W. A. Hunichs: ''Practische Anleitung zum Deich-, Siel- und Schlengenbau''. Erster Theil, von den Sielen. Bremen 1770. * ''Die Kanalisierung der Mittelweser''. Published by the Mittelweser AG, Carl Schünemann Verlag, Bremen 1960. * Kuratorium für Forschung im Küsteningenieurswesen: ''Die Küste''. In: ''Archiv für Forschung und Technik an der Nord- und Ostsee''. Boyens, Heide 51.1991.

Description

* Karl Löbe: ''Das Weserbuch''. Niemeyer, Hameln 1968. * Nils Aschenbeck, Wolf Dietmar Stock: ''Eine Flussfahrt von der Aller bis zur Nordsee''. Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 1998. . {{Authority control Rivers of Lower Saxony Rivers of Bremen (state) Bodies of water of the North Sea Federal waterways in Germany Rivers of Germany Pied Piper of Hamelin