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''Weizmannia'' is a genus of
Gram-Positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain is ...
rod-shaped bacteria in the family ''
Bacillaceae Bacillaceae, from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", are a family of gram-positive, heterotrophic, rod-shaped bacteria that may produce endospores. Motile members of this family are characterized by peritrichous flagella. Some Baci ...
'' from the order ''
Bacillales Bacillales, from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", are an order (biology), order of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the Bacillota. The ''Bacillales'' are the most productive order of the phylum ''Firmicutes''. Representative ...
.'' The type species of this genus is ''Weizmannia coagulans.'' Members of ''Weizmannia'' are previously species belonging to ''
Bacillus ''Bacillus'', from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-sh ...
'', a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive
polyphyly A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which ar ...
and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen) previously used to assign species to this clade. Multiple studies using comparative phylogenetic analyses have been published in an attempt to clarify the evolutionary relationships between ''Bacillus'' species, resulting in the establishment of numerous novel genera such as ''
Alkalihalobacillus ''Alkalihalobacillus'' is a genus of gram-positive or gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria in the family '' Bacillaceae'' from the order ''Bacillales''. The type species of this genus is '' Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus.'' This genus comprises sp ...
'', ''
Brevibacillus ''Brevibacillus'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Brevibacillaceae. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnolo ...
,
Solibacillus ''Solibacillus'' is a genus of Gram positive, rod shaped, spore-forming bacteria. The first member of ''Solibacillus'' was first isolated in 1999, and was originally called ''Bacillus silvestris''. However, further studies on ''B. silvestris'' f ...
'', ''
Alicyclobacillus ''Alicyclobacillus'' is a genus of Gram-variable, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria. The bacteria are able to grow in acidic conditions, while the spores are able to survive typical pasteurization procedures. Overview ''Alicyclobacilli'' are ...
,'' ''
Virgibacillus ''Virgibacillus'' is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Bacillota. ''Virgibacillus'' species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under s ...
'' and ''
Evansella ''Evansella'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family ''Bacillaceae'' within the order ''Bacillales''. The type species for this genus is ''Evansella cellulosilytica.'' Members of ''Evansella'' was t ...
''. In addition, the genus ''Bacillus'' has been restricted to only include species closely related to ''
Bacillus subtilis ''Bacillus subtilis'' (), known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges. As a member of the genus ''Bacill ...
'' and ''
Bacillus cereus ''Bacillus cereus'' is a Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive Bacillus, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges. The specific name, ''cereus'', meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown o ...
.'' The name ''Weizmannia'' was named in honour of Dr.
Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( ; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born Israeli statesman, biochemist, and Zionist leader who served as president of the World Zionist Organization, Zionist Organization and later as the first pre ...
(1874–1952), a noted biochemist, who later became the first President of the State of Israel, for his pioneering work in the field of
industrial fermentation Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes. In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity ch ...
and microbiology.


Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures

Members of this genus are
aerobic Aerobic means "requiring air," in which "air" usually means oxygen. Aerobic may also refer to * Aerobic exercise, prolonged exercise of moderate intensity * Aerobics, a form of aerobic exercise * Aerobic respiration, the aerobic process of cellu ...
or
facultatively anaerobic A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are ''Staphylococcus' ...
and found in mainly in soil. All members can produce endospores and are motile (with the exception of ''Weizmannia ginsengihumi''). ''Weizmannia coagulans'' has many industrial applications, such as the coagulation of canned milk and flat-souring of other carbohydrate-containing canned foods and the production of lactic acid and various enzymes. It is found in many sources other than soil (canned foods, tomato juice, gelatin, milk, medical preparations and silage).''Weizmannia'' can grow in temperatures ranging from 10°C to 45°C but the optimal growth temperature is in the range of 25-37°C. Analyses of genome sequences from ''Weizmannia'' species identified two
conserved signature indels Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers ...
(CSIs) that are exclusively shared by all members of this genus in the proteins acetate kinase and
O-methyltransferase An O-methyltransferase (OMT) is a type of methyltransferase enzyme transferring a methyl group on a molecule. Examples are : * Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase * Apigenin 4'-O-methyltransferase * Caffeate O-methyltransferase * Caffeoyl-CoA O-me ...
. These CSIs provide a reliable molecular means of distinguishing ''Weizmannia'' species from other ''Bacillaceae'' genera and bacteria.


Taxonomy

''Weizmannia'', as of May 2021, contains a total of 3 species with validly published names. This genus was identified as a
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
clade and phylogenetically unrelated to other ''Bacillus'' species in studies examining the taxonomic relationships within ''Bacillus''. This branching pattern is also observed in the
Genome Taxonomy Database The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) is an online database that maintains information on a proposed nomenclature of prokaryotes, following a phylogenomic approach based on a set of conserved single-copy proteins. In addition to resolving parap ...
(GTDB). In July 2023, an article in the ''
IJSEM The ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the field of microbial systematics that was established in 1951. Its scope covers the taxonomy, nomenclature, iden ...
'' argued that this genus, along with ''
Bacillus acidicola ''Bacillus'', from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-sh ...
'', ''
Bacillus pervagus ''Bacillus'', from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-sh ...
'', and '' Margalitia'' should all be subsumed under ''
Heyndrickxia ''Heyndrickxia'' is a genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (except for ''Heyndrickxia'' ''sporothermodurans'', which stains gram-negative) in the family ''Bacillaceae'' within the order ''Bacillales''. The type species for this genus is '' ...
''. Being a taxonomic opinion in the IJSEM, the new combination names are considered valid. GTDB release R214 does not yet include this "lumping" change.


Phylogeny


See also

*
List of Bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, ...
*
List of bacterial orders This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16 ...


References

{{Taxonbar, from= Q107210946 Bacillaceae Bacteria genera