Wave Dragon is a concept wave energy converter of the overtopping type, developed by the Danish company Wave Dragon Aps. Incoming waves flow up a ramp into a reservoir, the water the drains back to sea level though a hydro-electric turbine, generating electricity. "Reflector arms" are used to focus incoming waves, to channel the waves towards the ramp, increasing the energy captured. In May 2003, it was the world's first offshore

wave energy Wave power is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work – for example, electricity generation, desalination, or pumping water. A machine that exploits wave power is a wave energy converter (WEC). Waves are generated primarily by w ...

converter, connected to the Danish electricity grid. Testing continued in Denmark for several years until 2010. Plans were developed for a full-scale pre-commercial prototype in Wales, but this was never built. Part of the development of Wave Dragon was a joint EU research project, including partners from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, and the UK.

History

The concept was formulated in 1987, by Danish engineer Erik Friis-Madsen, and patented thereafter. Between 1998 and 2001, prototype testing of the device was conducted at small-scale (1:50) in the

Aalborg University Aalborg University (AAU) is an international public university with campuses in Aalborg, Esbjerg, and Copenhagen, Denmark. Founded in 1974, the university awards bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and PhD degrees in a wide variety of subje ...

wave tank, and at

University College Cork University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork (UCC) () is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland, and located in Cork (city), Cork. The university was founded in 1845 as one of three Queen's Universit ...

. In March 2003, a 1:4.5 scale, 237 ton prototype Wave Dragon was towed to the first test site, at the Danish Wave Energy Test Center in Nissum Bredning fjord. It was tested until January 2005, when during a storm the mooring broke and the device drifted onto the beach. The failure was caused by a faulty load transducer. In April 2006 a modified prototype was deployed to another test site with more energetic wave climate. It was re-deployed again in 2009, with a rated power of 20 kW, and operated until problems with drifting ice halted testing in March 2010. The prototype was scrapped in 2011. In 2004, plans were announced to build a series of wave power plants off the coast of

Milford Haven Milford Haven ( ) is a town and community (Wales), community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is on the north side of the Milford Haven Waterway, an estuary forming a natural harbour that has been used as a port since the Middle Ages. The town was ...

, Wales. Wave Dragon had hoped to commercialise their technology in Denmark, but following the success of

offshore wind power Offshore wind power or offshore wind energy is the generation of electricity through wind farms in bodies of water, usually at sea. There are higher wind speeds offshore than on land, so offshore farms generate more electricity per amount of ca ...

, the Danish government cut funding for other renewable technologies. An

environmental impact assessment Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the assessment of the environmental impact, environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the te ...

was completed in 2007 in support of the statutory consents for the "Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Demonstrator". This project was for a 7 MW Wave Dragon moored off the

Pembrokeshire Pembrokeshire ( ; ) is a Principal areas of Wales, county in the South West Wales, south-west of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and otherwise by the sea. Haverfordwest is the largest town and ...

coast in approximately water depth, west of Long Point. However, the

2008 financial crisis The 2008 financial crisis, also known as the global financial crisis (GFC), was a major worldwide financial crisis centered in the United States. The causes of the 2008 crisis included excessive speculation on housing values by both homeowners ...

caused delays in financing. However, the project was not built. , Wave Dragon is seeking further funding to continue development of the concept.

Technology

Wave Dragon is a floating, slack-moored device, like a ship. As a wave energy converter, it functions as an 'overtopping' type which can be deployed as a single unit, or in arrays of up to 200 units; the output of such an array would have a capacity comparable to traditional fossil-fuel power plants. The first prototype was connected to the power grid in 2003 and was deployed in

Nissum Bredning Nissum Bredning is the westernmost '' bredning'' in the Limfjord situated between Thyborøn Channel, through which the fjord is connected to the North Sea, and Oddesund with Oddesund Bridge. Its size is around 200 km2 and the depth is up ...

, Denmark. Long term testing was conducted until 2010 to determine system performance; i.e. availability and power production under different weather and tide conditions. A multi-MW deployment was expected in 2009. The Wave Dragon concept combines existing, mature offshore and hydro turbine technology. In the Wave Dragon, the Kaplan turbine is being tested at the Technical University of Munich. This turbine uses a siphon inlet whereas the next 6 turbines to be installed will be equipped with a cylinder gate to start and stop water inlet to the turbine.Keulenaer, H. http://www.leonardo-energy.org/wave-dragon, 2007-04-13. Retrieved on 2013-01-23:

Principles

Construction

Wave Dragon uses principles from traditional hydropower plants in an offshore floating platform to use wave energy. The Wave Dragon consists of two wave reflectors that direct the waves towards a ramp. Behind the ramp, a large reservoir collects the directed water, and temporarily stores the water. The reservoir is held above sea level. The water leaves the reservoir through hydro turbines.Wave Drago
''Wave Dragon Homepage''
Retrieved on 2008-04-10:'' Three-step energy conversion: Overtopping (absorption) -> Storage (reservoir) -> Power-take-off ( low-head turbines) Main components of a Wave Dragon: *Main body with a double curved ramp (reinforced concrete and/or steel construction) *Two wave reflectors in reinforced concrete and/or steel *Mooring system *Propeller turbines *Permanent Magnet Generators

Design

Wave energy converters make use of the mechanical motion or fluid pressure. Wave Dragon does not have any conversion, e.g. oscillating water/air columns, hinged rafts, and gyroscopic/hydraulic devices. The Wave Dragon directly utilises the energy of the water's motion. The Wave Dragon is of heavy, durable construction and has only one kind of

moving parts Machines include both fixed and moving parts. The moving parts have controlled and constrained motions. Moving parts are machine components excluding any moving fluids, such as fuel, coolant or hydraulic fluid. Moving parts also do not include ...

: the turbines. This is essential for any device bound for operations offshore, where extreme conditions and fouling, etc., seriously affect any moving parts. Wave Dragon model testing has been used in order to: *Optimize 'overtopping' *Refine hydraulic response: anti-pitching and anti-rolling. *Reduce stress on wave reflectors and the mooring system, etc. * Reduce construction costs, maintenance and running costs.

Main body

The main body to or platform consists of one large floating reservoir. To reduce rolling and keep the platform stable, the Wave Dragon must be large and heavy. The prototype used in Nissum is of a traditional (ship-like) plate construction of plates of 8 mm steel. The total steel weight of the main body plus the ramp is 150 tons, so that 87 tons of water must be added to achieve the 237 tons total weight needed for stable continuous operation.

References

{{Reflist

External links

Wave Dragon
- official website Wave energy converters Wave farms in Denmark