The Washington Summit of 1987 was a
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
-era meeting between
United States president
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed For ...
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party a ...
and
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. was the Party leader, leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, country's dissoluti ...
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served a ...
that took place on December 8–10. Reagan and Gorbachev discussed regional conflicts in Afghanistan, Central America, and Southern Africa,
arms control
Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Historically, arms control may apply to melee wea ...
issues for chemical weapons as well as conventional weapons, the status of
START
Start can refer to multiple topics:
* Takeoff, the phase of flight where an aircraft transitions from moving along the ground to flying through the air
* Starting lineup in sports
* Track and field#Starts use in race, Starts use in sport race
* S ...
negotiations, and human rights. A notable accomplishment of the Washington Summit was the signing of the
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.
Background
Following the near-breakthrough of the previous year's
Reykjavik Summit, and much to the chagrin of many supporters of both leaders, Reagan and Gorbachev began putting resources into INF Treaty negotiations. This, in addition to various troubles foreign and domestic in both countries led to a tense time preceding the Washington Summit.
For Reagan, trouble with
the stock market, failure to win approval for Supreme-Court-nominee
Robert Bork
Robert Heron Bork (March 1, 1927 – December 19, 2012) was an American legal scholar who served as solicitor general of the United States from 1973 until 1977. A professor by training, he was acting United States Attorney General and a judge on ...
, and the
Iran-Contra scandal were all generating political pressure. Also, criticism from an uncharacteristically large number of notable conservatives including former President
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until Resignation of Richard Nixon, his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...
, former Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger
Henry Alfred Kissinger (May 27, 1923 – November 29, 2023) was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 56th United States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977 and the 7th National Security Advisor (United States), natio ...
, commentator
William Buckley, as well as members of his own administration resulted in a contentious political atmosphere around the INF Treaty.
Gorbachev too was encountering opposition, not only the INF treaty negotiations, but also his ''
Perestroika
''Perestroika'' ( ; rus, перестройка, r=perestrojka, p=pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə, a=ru-perestroika.ogg, links=no) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associ ...
'' reform programs. Despite replacing over 150 senior defense ministers and officers after the
Mathias Rust
Mathias Rust (born 1 June 1968) is a German aviator known for his flight that ended with a landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987. Then a teenage amateur pilot, he flew from Helsinki, Finland, to Moscow, without authorization. Accordi ...
incident, Gorbachev's frustrations were only compounded when just two months before the Washington Summit was held, then-candidate member of the
Politburo
A politburo () or political bureau is the highest organ of the central committee in communist parties. The term is also sometimes used to refer to similar organs in socialist and Islamist parties, such as the UK Labour Party's NEC or the Poli ...
and supporter of Gorbachev,
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1961 to ...
, denounced the Soviet General Secretary and resigned from his post in an unprecedented and highly controversial move. Though, according to Reagan's Secretary of State
George P. Shultz, the Soviet leader was unusually contentious during their late-October meeting in Moscow to finalize the terms of the INF treaty, "Shultz had barely unpacked his bags back in Washington before word came from Moscow that Gorbachev wanted the summit to take place soon.
Shevardnadze would be in Washington within two days to see to the final details of the INF Treaty and the summit".
Thus, in spite of outside complications, by the time the summit was set to take place, most of the details relating the INF Treaty had already been worked out. At least a week before the meeting, ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' reported that "The Soviet leader and President Reagan are scheduled to sign a treaty Dec. 8 eliminating their nations' shorter-range and medium-range missiles", although the newspaper also said that discussion regarding "reducing long-range, strategic nuclear weapons" was encountering obstacles.
[Shipler (01 December, 1987). Accessed 20 November 2011.]
Summit schedule
See also
*
List of Soviet Union–United States summits
References
Sources
* (2007)
The INF Treaty and the Washington Summit: 20 Years Later. ''National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 238''. Edited by Sventlana Savranskaya and Thomas Blanton. The National Security Archive (George Washington University).
* Hayward, Steven F. (2010). ''The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980-1989''. New York: Three Rivers Press.
* Herring, George C. (2008). ''From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776''. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Keller, Bill.
. ''New York Times'' (31 October 1987).
* Shipler, David K.
. ''New York Times'' (1 December 1987).
{{Soviet Union–United States relations, state=collapsed
Cold War history of the Soviet Union
Cold War history of the United States
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United States diplomatic conferences
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1987 in international relations
1987 in the United States
Diplomatic visits by heads of government
1987 in politics
1987 conferences
Diplomatic visits to the United States
1987 in Washington, D.C.
December 1987 in the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan