Walter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was a

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

colonial administrator,

anthropologist An anthropologist is a scientist engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropologists study aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms, values ...

and medical practitioner, who worked in

Queensland, Australia Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, ...

and

British Guiana British Guiana was a British colony, part of the mainland British West Indies. It was located on the northern coast of South America. Since 1966 it has been known as the independent nation of Guyana. The first known Europeans to encounter Guia ...

between 1898 and 1928. Roth and his brother, Henry Ling Roth, are the subject of a joint biography by Russell McDougall & Iain Davidson: ''The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration'' (2008).

Queensland

Roth was appointed the first Northern Protector of Aboriginals in 1898 and was based in

Cooktown, Queensland Cooktown is a coastal town and suburbs and localities (Australia), locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached h ...

. From 1904 to 1906 he was Chief Protector and part of his duties was to record

Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal Australians are the various indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands. Humans first migrated to Australia 50,000 to 65,000 year ...

cultures. The first three of his ''Bulletins'' on North Queensland

ethnography Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. It explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research that involves examining ...

were published in 1901, numbers 4 to 8 appearing between 1902 and 1906. In 1905 he was appointed a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the condition of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, and in 1906 he was made government medical officer, stipendiary magistrate. The remainder of Roth's bulletins on North Queensland ethnology, began to appear in the Records of the Australian Museum at Sydney in 1905; and numbers 9 to 18 will be found in volumes VI to VIII.

British Guiana

In 1906 Roth was made protector of Indians in the Pomeroon district of

. He was given charge of the

Demerara River The Demerara River is a river in eastern Guyana that rises in the central rainforests of the country and flows to the north for 346 kilometres until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. Georgetown, Guyana's largest seaport and capital, is situated on ...

Rupununi The Rupununi is a region in the south-west of Guyana, bordering the Brazilian Amazon. The Rupununi river, also known by the local indigenous peoples as ''Raponani'', flows through the Rupununi region. The name Rupununi originates from the word '' ...

and

Northwest The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A '' compass rose'' is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west— ...

districts in 1915. In 1924 his valuable ''An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians'' was published at the government printing office at Washington, U.S.A., appended to the ''Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology''. Though called an introductory study this is an elaborate work of well over 300,000 words with hundreds of illustrations. Another volume, ''Additional Studies of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians'' was published as Bureau of American Ethnology ''Bulletin No. 91'' (1929). Roth retired from the government service in 1928, and became curator of the Georgetown museum of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, and government archivist. Towards the end of his life he translated and edited Richard Schomburgh's ''Travels in British Guiana''. The

Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology The Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology is a museum of anthropology in Georgetown, Guyana and claims to be the oldest such museum in the English-speaking Caribbean region. It was established in 1974, but not opened to the public until 1982. It is ...

Georgetown, Guyana Georgetown is the capital (political), capital and largest city of Guyana. It is situated in Demerara-Mahaica, region 4, on the Atlantic Ocean coast, at the mouth of the Demerara River. It is nicknamed the "Garden City of the Caribbean." It is ...

was later named in his honour.

Controversies

A "vigorous Protector" in North Queensland, according to historian Barrie Reynolds, "Roth attracted "the hostility of the local European residents" for his advocacy on behalf of

Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage from, or recognised membership of, the various ethnic groups living within the territory of contemporary Australia prior to History of Australia (1788–1850), British colonisation. The ...

. It was, however, the reaction to his controversial anthropological research that would trigger Roth's departure from Queensland. In either 1900 or 1901, Roth paid an Aboriginal couple to demonstrate a sexual position of which he took photographs. In 1904 and 1905, speeches in the

Queensland Parliament The Parliament of Queensland is the unicameral legislative body of the Australian state of Queensland. As provided under the Constitution of Queensland, the Parliament consists of the King, represented by the Governor of Queensland, and the ...

on this and other aspects of his work were said to form "a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower". Refereed conference paper: presented to the ''APSA Conference, University of Adelaide, 29 September - 1 October 2004''. According to V. B. (Joe) Lesina MP: "

Hansard ''Hansard'' is the transcripts of parliamentary debates in Britain and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth countries. It is named after Thomas Curson Hansard (1776–1833), a London printer and publisher, who was the first official printe ...

teemed with speeches delivered against the administration of Dr Roth until they had a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower, and the Minister brushed everything aside as he would a fly from his aristocratic nose". Roth attempted to defend his actions by stating that the photographs were taken for purely scientific purposes,According to Roth: "The description and illustration of the posture assumed in the sexual act was of the highest anthropological interest in that it in large measure defended my thesis that the mutilation known as Sturt's terrible rite, or sub-incision (by Professor Stirling) or intro-cision (by myself) did not act as had hitherto been supposed as a preventive to procreation...The photograph was taken for purely scientific purposes only and is one of a series (defecation, micturition, tree climbing, sitting, standing) of natural postures which every anthropologist makes inquiry about, with a view to ascertaining the connections (if any) between the highest apes and the lowest types of man." Roth to Bishop White, 19 June 1904, QSA A/58850, tabled in QPD, xcii, 13 July 1904, 585. Bishop White wrote to Roth on 3 June 1904, and Roth's reply is dated 19 June 1904. White telegrammed that he was satisfied with Roth's explanation, letter of 8 July 1904. Social Scientist Helen Pringle (School of Politics and International Relations) writes of the episode that in her opinion: "Forcing, or persuading, Aborigines to perform sexual acts like performing bears for a white male audience fits squarely even within then current criteria of enslavement, a heinous crime that shocks the conscience of mankind then and now." The controversy contributed to his resignation on the grounds of ill health and departure for British Guiana in 1906.

Publications

* *

References

External links

*
Barrie Reynolds, 'Roth, Walter Edmund (1861 - 1933)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, Australian National University
Accessed 6 February 2009
Roth, Walter Edmund (1907-1910) North Queensland Ethnography Bulletins, Records of the Australian Museum on-line
Accessed 24 February 2019 * {{DEFAULTSORT:Roth, Walter 1861 births 1933 deaths Australian anthropologists British anthropologists Alumni of University College London Civil servants from London British people in colonial Australia People educated at University College School Australian numismatists Colony of Queensland people British Guiana people