The Walle Plough () is an ancient plough discovered in 1927 by

peat Peat is an accumulation of partially Decomposition, decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, Moorland, moors, or muskegs. ''Sphagnum'' moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most ...

cutters outside Walle, near Aurich, East Frisia (

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

). It is one of the oldest known ploughs found in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

Location and discovery

The plough was discovered on 9 July 1927 by Jann Hanßen and his son Heye at the bottom edge of a deep layer of

. As a reward, Hanßen received , which he had to share with the landowner, a man called Weinstock.

Extent of excavation

The ploughbeam is made from a single oak branch approximately long. The ploughshare originally measured about . The handle is set in a rectangular opening of the share and stabilised by additional wedges. The front part of the share is missing, because the plough had been accidentally cut into several pieces by its finders. Pollen samples were taken in 1927 for palynological analysis. This showed that the plough dates to the Early Bronze Age at the earliest. Since it represents a fairly developed form of the scratch plough, the Walle find could also date to the later Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. A similar plough, also of oak and of similar measurements, was found at Papau near Toruń. The scratch plough type is known through finds and images from the

Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...

, the Bronze and Iron Ages, as well as from Hallstatt culture, Etruscan, Greek, and Roman contexts. The basic form is still in use in the Mediterranean region. Why the Walle Plough had been deposited in a bog is not known. Perhaps it was meant to be temporarily sunk in the bog during the winter, to preserve its wood. In 1983, a roughly 3000-year-old stone axe was found nearby.

Date

After the plough had begun to physically deteriorate around 1937, it was brought to the Lower Saxony State Museum at

Hanover Hanover ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Lower Saxony. Its population of 535,932 (2021) makes it the List of cities in Germany by population, 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-l ...

for conservation. It is still on display there. The examination of pollen and peat samples indicated that the plough could not be allocated to any period with certainty. Originally it had been estimated to be from the 4th millennium BC, but in the 1950s this was revised to a date around 2000 BC. A replica of the plough is on display in the Historical Museum at Aurich. At Walle, a stone marks the findspot.

Literature

* Karl-Ernst Behre / Hajo van Lengen: ''Ostfriesland. Geschichte und Gestalt einer Kulturlandschaft''. Aurich 1995, Archaeological discoveries in Germany Ploughs History of East Frisia Bronze Age Germany Archaeology of Lower Saxony {{agri-stub