William Sydney Graham (19 November 1918 – 9 January 1986) was a

Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...

poet, who was often associated with

Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer, whose works include the poems " Do not go gentle into that good night" and " And death shall have no dominion", as well as the "play for voices" ''Un ...

and the

neo-romantic The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as social movements, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of Romanticism. It has been used ...

group of poets. Graham's poetry was mostly overlooked in his lifetime; however, partly thanks to the support of

Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. A List of Nobel laureates in Literature, Nobel Prize winner, Pinter was one of the most influential modern British dramat ...

, his work was eventually acknowledged. He was represented in the second edition of the '' Penguin Book of Contemporary Verse'' (Harmondsworth, UK, 1962) and the '' Anthology of Twentieth-Century British and Irish Poetry'' (Oxford University Press, 2001).

Early life and work

Graham was born in

Greenock Greenock (; ; , ) is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. The town is the administrative centre of Inverclyde Council. It is a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, and forms ...

. In 1932, he left school to become an apprentice draughtsman and then studied structural engineering at

Stow College Stow College was a college in Glasgow in Scotland. History The college was named after David Stow, whose primary teaching seminary was founded close to the college at Dundasvale. The first purpose-built Further Education college in Glasgow, i ...

Glasgow Glasgow is the Cities of Scotland, most populous city in Scotland, located on the banks of the River Clyde in Strathclyde, west central Scotland. It is the List of cities in the United Kingdom, third-most-populous city in the United Kingdom ...

. He was awarded a bursary to study literature for a year at

Newbattle Abbey College Newbattle Abbey was a Cistercian monastery near the village of Newbattle in Midlothian, Scotland, which subsequently became a stately home and then an educational institution. Monastery It was founded in 1140 by monks from Melrose Abbey. The ...

in 1938. Graham spent the

war War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organi ...

years working at a number of jobs in Scotland and

Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...

before moving to

Cornwall Cornwall (; or ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South West England. It is also one of the Celtic nations and the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, ...

in 1944. His first book, ''Cage Without Grievance'' was published in 1942.

Graham and the neo-romantics

The 1940s were prolific years for Graham, and he published four more books during that decade. These were ''The Seven Journeys'' (1944), ''2ND Poems'' (1945), ''The Voyages of

Alfred Wallis Alfred Wallis (18 August 1855 – 29 August 1942) was a British artist and fisherman, known for his port landscapes and shipping scenes painted in a naïve style. Having no artistic training, he began painting at the age of 70, using househo ...

'' (1948) and ''The White Threshold'' (1949). The style of these early poems led critics to see Graham as part of the neo-romantic group that included Dylan Thomas and George Barker. The affinities between these three poets derive from a common interest in poets like

Gerard Manley Hopkins Gerard Manley Hopkins (28 July 1844 – 8 June 1889) was an English poet and Society of Jesus, Jesuit priest, whose posthumous fame places him among the leading English poets. His Prosody (linguistics), prosody – notably his concept of sprung ...

Arthur Rimbaud Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes and for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he s ...

and

Hart Crane Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet. Inspired by the Romantics and his fellow Modernists, Crane wrote highly stylized poetry, often noted for its complexity. His collection '' White Buildings'' (1926), feat ...

, and, in the case of Thomas and Graham, a taste for the Bohemian lifestyle of the

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

literary scene. In 1947, Graham received the Atlantic Award for Literature, and lectured at

New York University New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational ...

whilst spending a year on a reading touring of the United States. He moved to London to be nearer the hub of its Bohemian world. Here he came into contact with

T. S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot (26 September 18884 January 1965) was a poet, essayist and playwright.Bush, Ronald. "T. S. Eliot's Life and Career", in John A Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (eds), ''American National Biography''. New York: Oxford University ...

, then editor of Faber and Faber, who published ''The White Threshold'', which includes varied recollections of his childhood and youth in Scotland. Faber and Faber remained Graham's publishers for the rest of his life.

''The Nightfishing'' and legacy

In 1954, Graham returned to Cornwall to live near the

St Ives, Cornwall St Ives (, meaning "Ia of Cornwall, St Ia's cove") is a seaside town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Celtic Sea. In former times, it was comm ...

artists' colony. Here he became friendly with several of the resident painters, including

Bryan Wynter Brayane Herbert Wynter (8 September 1915 – 2 February 1975)Roger Hilton Roger Hilton CBE (1911–1975) was a pioneer of abstract art in post-Second World War Britain. Often associated with the 'middle generation' of St Ives painters – Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Peter Lanyon & Bryan Wynter – he spent mu ...

. The following year, Faber and Faber published his ''The Nightfishing,'' a book whose title poem marked a dramatic change in Graham's poetry. The poem moved on from his earlier style and moved away from the neo-romantic/apocalyptic tag. Unfortunately for the poet, the poem's appearance coincided with the rise of the

Movement Movement may refer to: Generic uses * Movement (clockwork), the internal mechanism of a timepiece * Movement (sign language), a hand movement when signing * Motion, commonly referred to as movement * Movement (music), a division of a larger co ...

with their open hostility to the neo-romantics. Despite the support of Eliot and

Hugh MacDiarmid Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), best known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid ( , ), was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. He is considered one of the principal forces behind the Scottish ...

, the book was neither a critical nor a popular success. It was to be fifteen years before Graham published another book, ''Malcolm Mooney's Land'' (1970). This, and his last book, ''Implements in Their Places'' are truly original and enduring poetic achievements, for which Graham is slowly coming to be recognised. For many years, he had lived in semi-poverty on his income as a writer, but in 1974 he received a

Civil List pension Pensions in the United Kingdom, whereby United Kingdom tax payers have some of their wages deducted to save for retirement, can be categorised into three major divisions – state, occupational and personal pensions. The state pension is based o ...

of £500 per year. Perhaps because of this alleviation of his financial circumstances, Graham began to publish with more frequency, with ''Implements in their Places'' (1977), ''Collected Poems 1942–1977'' (1979) and an American-published ''Selected Poems'' (1980). He died in

Madron Madron ( (village) or (parish)) is a civil parishes in England, civil parish and village in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Madron is named after Saint Madern's Church. Its annual Trafalgar Service commemorating the death of Horatio ...

in 1986. His last collection ''Aimed at Nobody'' was published posthumously in 1993, and a book of ''Uncollected Poems'' appeared in 1990. Faber brought out a new ''Selected Poems'' in 1996. ''The Nightfisherman: Selected Letters'' was published in 1999 and ''New Collected Poems'' in 2005. All of Graham's poems have a location, a plot and setting (or narrative) as Graham insisted "the first act of engagement of reader and poem was in reading it aloud. This tested the syntax, pace and tone of poem and reader." Posthumous publication activity indicates Graham's reputation has grown in recent years. Some might argue this is partly due to Harold Pinter's often-expressed enthusiasm for the poet, or attribute his increasing recognition to the widespread advocacy of poets associated with the

British Poetry Revival The British Poetry Revival is the general name now given to a loose list of poetry groups and movements, movement in the United Kingdom that took place in the late 1960s and 1970s. The term was a neologism first used in 1964, postulating a New Br ...

. However, Graham's work was represented in the anthology '' Conductors of Chaos'' (1996) by a selection introduced by the poet and critic Tony Lopez, who also wrote a book-length study, ''The Poetry of W. S. Graham'' (1989).

Marriage, death and recognition

He married another poet, Agnes Kilpatrick Dunsmuir (1909–1999), known as Nessie Dunsmuir. Graham died on 9 January 1986, aged 67. In 2006, 20 years after his death, memorial plaques were unveiled in Fore Street,

where he spent his final years, and at his birthplace, 1 Hope Street,

. In an event to mark his centenary year, a memorial stone to Graham was unveiled in the

Makars' Court Makars' Court is a courtyard in central Edinburgh, Scotland. It forms part of Lady Stair's Close, which connects the Royal Mile#Lawnmarket, Lawnmarket with The Mound to the north, and is next to the Writers' Museum. Described as an "evolving nat ...

, Edinburgh on 14 June 2018, and Graham's daughter Rosalind Mudaliar donated his writing chair to the Scottish Poetry Library. Copyright in Graham's works is held by his daughter, Rosalind Mudaliar.

Bibliography

Poetry books

* ''Cage without Grievance'', Parton Press, 1942 * ''The Seven Journeys'', William MacLellan, 1944 * ''2ND Poems'', Nicholson and Watson, 1945 * ''The White Threshold'', Faber and Faber, 1949 * ''The Nightfishing'', Faber and Faber, 1955 * ''Malcolm Mooney’s Land'', Faber and Faber, 1970 ** ''Approaches to How They Behave'', Donut Press, 2009 (extracted from ''Malcolm Mooney's Land'') * ''Implements in their Places'', Faber and Faber, 1977 * ''Uncollected Poems'', Greville Press, 1990 * ''Aimed at Nobody: Poems from Notebooks'', ed. Margaret Blackwood and

Robin Skelton Robin Skelton (12 October 1925 – 22 August 1997) was a British-Canadian academic, writer, poet, and anthologist. Biography Born in Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire, Easington, Yorkshire, Skelton was educated at the University of Leeds an ...

, Faber and Faber, 1993

Poetry collections

* ''Collected Poems'', 1942–1977, Faber and Faber, 1979 * ''Selected Poems'',

Ecco Press Ecco is a New York–based publishing imprint of HarperCollins. It was founded in 1971 by Daniel Halpern as an independent publishing company; Publishers Weekly described it as "one of America's best-known literary houses." In 1999 Ecco was acquir ...

, 1980 * ''Selected Poems'', Faber and Faber, 1996 * ''W.S. Graham Selected by Nessie Dunsmuir'', Greville Press, 1998 * ''New Collected Poems'', ed. Matthew Francis, Faber and Faber, 2004 * ''Les Dialogues obscurs / The Dark Dialogues'', selected poems, bilingual book English-French, introduction Michael Snow, afterword Paul Stubbs, Black Herald Press, 2013

Anthologies and other writings

* ''

Penguin Modern Poets ''Penguin Modern Poets'' was a series of 27 poetry books published by Penguin Books in the 1960s and 1970s, each containing work by three contemporary poets (mostly but not exclusively British and American). The series was begun in 1962 and publis ...

17,

David Gascoyne David Gascoyne (10 October 1916 – 25 November 2001) was an English poet associated with the Surrealist movement, in particular the British Surrealist Group. Additionally, he translated work by French surrealist poets. Early life and surreal ...

, W. S. Graham,

Kathleen Raine Kathleen Jessie Raine (14 June 1908 – 6 July 2003) was an English poet, critic and scholar, writing in particular on William Blake, W. B. Yeats and Thomas Taylor. Known for her interest in various forms of spirituality, most prominently Plat ...

'', Penguin Books, 1970 * ''The Night Fisherman: Selected Letters of W. S. Graham'', ed. Michael and Margaret Snow, Carcanet, 1999 *''The Caught Habits of Language: An Entertainment for W. S. Graham for Him Having Reached One Hundred'', ed. Rachael Boast, Andy Ching, Nathan Hamilton, Donut Press, 2018

Reviews

* Greig, Andrew (1980), review of ''Collected Poems 1942 - 1977'', in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), ''The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment'' 19, August 1980, pp. 58 & 59,

References

External links

Short introduction to Graham with links to poems

Pinter on Graham

Review of ''The Nightfisherman: Selected Letters, edited by Michael and Margaret Snow. Manchester: Carcanet.'' by Dennis O'Driscoll in ''Thumbscrew'' No. 16 (2000), "On Pancakes Alone"

Review of ''The Nightfisherman: Selected Letters, edited by Michael and Margaret Snow.'' by James Keery in ''PN Review'', "HIS PERFECT HUNGER'S DAILY CHANGING BREAD"

''W S Graham: speaking towards you'', edited by Ralph Pite and Hester Jones, Liverpool University Press
- some pages available on Googlebooks
W. S. Graham fonds
at University of Victoria, Special Collections
Poems by W.S. Graham in the 2nd and the 3rd issues of ''The Black Herald'', along with their French translations, 2011-2012

W. S. Graham reads from a selection of his poetry and talks about his work (University of Warwick Archives)