Voter Identification
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A voter identification law is a law that requires a person to show some form of
identification Identification or identify may refer to: *Identity document, any document used to verify a person's identity Arts, entertainment and media * ''Identify'' (album) by Got7, 2014 * "Identify" (song), by Natalie Imbruglia, 1999 * ''Identification ...
in order to vote. In some jurisdictions requiring photo IDs, voters who do not have photo ID often must have their identity verified by someone else (such as in
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
) or sign
Challenged Voter Affidavit
(such as in
New Hampshire New Hampshire ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...
) in order to receive a ballot to vote.


Examples


Argentina

In Argentina, voting is compulsory for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old, non-compulsory for those older than 70 and between 16 and 18, and citizens with domiciles in foreign countries. To vote they must present a valid Documento Nacional de Identidad at the corresponding voting center. Other countries in Latin America have similar policies.


Australia

In Australia, voting is compulsory for all adult citizens. Failure to cast a ballot in a federal election without a valid reason may attract a fine of , and each state imposes its own fines for the same offence in state elections. No form of ID is required to cast a ballot in person at a polling location; instead, voters are asked three questions before being issued a ballot, so that they can be checked off the electoral roll: name, residence address, and if they have voted before in this election. On election day, voters can vote at any polling place in their state of residence, and at selected polling places in other states. If a person is voting by mail, they are required to include their and the address they are currently enrolled at. To register to vote, Australians must fill out a form, provide identification, and send it in the mail. After submission, the form's contents, in particular the registered voter's identity in most states, are not double checked by the government. In October 2021, the Liberal
Morrison government The Morrison government was the Australian Government, federal executive government of Australia, led by Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister Scott Morrison of the Liberal Party of Australia, between 2018 and 2022. The Morrison governmen ...
had plans for a Voter ID Law: under the proposed voter integrity bill, a voter unable to produce ID can still vote if their identity can be verified by another voter, or by casting a declaration vote, which requires further details, such as date of birth and a signature.


Brazil

In Brazil, voting is compulsory for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old. To vote, all citizens must: * Be registered to vote, get a voter ID card, called "Título Eleitoral" aka "Título de Eleitor" in Brazil. Presenting the voter ID card when voting is optional. * Report in person to the voting section. * Present an official
identity document An identity document (abbreviated as ID) is a documentation, document proving a person's Identity (social science), identity. If the identity document is a plastic card it is called an ''identity card'' (abbreviated as ''IC'' or ''ID card''). ...
with photo, usually the regular ID card ( cédula de identidade). Since 2006, the Brazilian Electoral Justice has been re-registering voters with biometric identification. For the 2014 elections, it was predicted that more than 22 million voters out of 141 million would be identified by fingerprints.


Canada


Federal elections

In Canada, the Federal government mails an
Elections Canada Elections Canada () is the non-partisan agency responsible for administering elections in Canada, Canadian federal elections and Referendums in Canada, referendums. History Elections Canada is an agency of the Parliament of Canada, and reports ...
registration confirmation card, which the voter takes to the polling station. The card tells the individual where and when to vote. Voters must prove their identity and address with one of three options: * Show one original government-issued piece of identification with photo, name and address, like a driver's license or a health card. * Show two original pieces of authorized identification. Both pieces must have a name and one must also have an address. Examples: student ID card, birth certificate, public transportation card, utility bill, bank/credit card statement, etc. * Take an oath and have an elector who knows the voter vouch for them (both of whom must make a sworn statement). This person must have authorized identification and their name must appear on the list of electors in the same polling division as the voter. This person can only vouch for one person and the person who is vouched for cannot vouch for another elector.


Provincial elections

Voter identification regulations vary from province to province. In
Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
, "ID is required to vote or to add or update your voter information on the voters list" and a substantial number of acceptable IDs, which do not need to be photo IDs, are accepted. In
Quebec Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...
, the voter must show one of five government-issued photo IDs, and if lacking any of these, will be directed to the identity verification panel. In
British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...
, "all voters must prove their identity and residential address before voting", with three options offered for identification.


Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic,
voter registration In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise Suffrage, eligible to Voting, vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted ...
of Czech citizens is automatic and requires no action from the eligible person; citizens of other EU countries residing in the Czech Republic have to actively visit a local government office if they wish to register. All voters have to present an eligible form of
photo ID Photo identification or photo ID is an identity document that includes a photograph of the holder, usually only their face. The most commonly accepted forms of photo ID are those issued by government authorities, such as driver's licenses, ident ...
, such as a passport or compulsory Czech national identity card at a
polling station A polling place is where voters cast their ballots in elections. The phrase polling station is also used in American English, British English and Canadian English although a polling place is the building and polling station is the specific ...
before they are allowed to vote. Not all photo IDs are eligible (for example, a
driver's license A driver's license, driving licence, or driving permit is a legal authorization, or the official document confirming such an authorization, for a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles—such as motorcycles, ca ...
is not allowed). No person is allowed to vote before presenting an eligible photo ID. The legal requirement to present a photo ID has been in effect since 1 August
2000 2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematics, Mathematical Year. Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium, because of a tende ...
.


Finland

In Finnish elections, eligible voters are sent a notice of the right to vote (notification of eligibility) to their home address by mail. The notification of eligibility will designate a voter's polling station, where voters must cast their vote, if voting on election day. Advance voting is possible at any of the general advance polling stations in Finland or abroad. Voters must present an identity document when voting.


France

In France, voters must prove their identity when registering to vote, with proof of address (phone, water or electricity bill) and an identity document that proves your nationality: National Identity Card or Passport. On the day of the vote, in towns larger than 1,000 inhabitants, an identity document is required.


Germany

In Germany, due to compulsory registration of residence with the municipality, the voter roll is kept automatically without any need to register to vote. Everyone eligible to vote receives a personal polling notification by mail, 4 to 8 weeks before the election. The notification indicates the voter's precinct polling station. Voters must present their polling notification and, if asked, a piece of photo ID (identity card or passport issued by the government). If the voter cannot present the notification, a valid photo ID and an entry in the register of voters can qualify for voting.


Greece

Voters identify themselves by their ID cards and are given the full number of ballot papers for the constituency, plus a blank ballot paper and an empty envelope.


Hungary

Voting is voluntary for all citizens 18 years or older. All voters should show a photo ID and an address card. To prevent duplicate voting, they need to register themselves if they want to vote at a different place to the residence on their address card.


Iceland

Voting is voluntary for all citizens 18 years or older in Iceland. All voters must present photo ID to vote for their preferred candidate. To prevent duplicate voting fraud, every voter is checked against the national voter database before their ballot is placed into the ballot box.


India

The Indian
voter ID A voter identification law is a law that requires a person to show some form of identification in order to vote. In some jurisdictions requiring photo IDs, voters who do not have photo ID often must have their identity verified by someone else ( ...
card is an
identity document An identity document (abbreviated as ID) is a documentation, document proving a person's Identity (social science), identity. If the identity document is a plastic card it is called an ''identity card'' (abbreviated as ''IC'' or ''ID card''). ...
issued by the
Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established by Constitution of India, the Constitution of the Republic of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in the Republic of India. It is headed by a Chief Ele ...
to adult domiciles of India who have reached the age of 18, which primarily serves as identity proof for Indian citizens while casting their ballot in the country's municipal, state, and national
elections An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
. It also serves as general identity, address, and age proof for other purposes, such as buying a mobile phone
SIM card A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with micro-SIM cutout)A SIM card or SIM (subscriber identity module) is an integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are u ...
or applying for a
passport A passport is an official travel document issued by a government that certifies a person's identity and nationality for international travel. A passport allows its bearer to enter and temporarily reside in a foreign country, access local aid ...
. It also serves as a
Travel Document A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international entity pursuant to international agreements to enable individuals to clear border control measures. Travel documents usually assure other governments that the beare ...
to travel to
Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...
and
Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , ...
by land or air. It is known as an Electoral Photo ID Card (EPIC). They were first introduced in 1993 during the tenure of the Chief Election Commissioner TN Seshan. There are 11 other types of alternative identification documents specified which can be accepted for voting.


Ireland

In
Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...
, voters receive a polling card in advance of any election or referendum. While it is not necessary to bring this along to vote, voters are required to bring identification with them in order to vote. Acceptable forms of identification include passports (including Irish passport cards), driving licences, workplace identity cards (with a photograph), student identity cards (with a photograph), travel documents (with a photograph), Public Services Cards or a bank or credit union account book with an address in the
constituency An electoral (congressional, legislative, etc.) district, sometimes called a constituency, riding, or ward, is a geographical portion of a political unit, such as a country, state or province, city, or administrative region, created to provi ...
. If the individual does not have one of these, they can also present a cheque book or card, a credit card or birth or marriage certificate, together with proof of address in the constituency (e.g. a utility bill).


Israel

Similar to Germany, there is a national voters' database, and photo ID is required (identity card, passport or driving licence).


Italy

Italy requires voters to present a photo ID (ID card, driver license, passport) and a voter card ("Tessera elettorale"), which can also be issued on election day.


Luxembourg

In principle, Luxembourg requires voters to present their passport, identity card, residence permit or visa when voting. However, a derogation allows for this requirement to be waived if a member of staff at the polling station can personally vouch for the identity of the voter.


Mexico

In Mexico, voting is a voluntary right and is exercised protected by secrecy. Electoral laws are created by the federal government through the INE:
National Electoral Institute The Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) (Spanish for ''National Electoral Institute'') (formerly Federal Electoral Institute) (, IFE) is an autonomous, public agency responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those relat ...
(formerly IFE: Instituto Nacional Electoral 1990–2014). A free photo ID or elector's card is issued by right to all citizens of Mexico over the age of 18, but sometimes months prior. Being allowed to commence paperwork before turning 18 is decided upon the day and month of birth, and how it plays in the current year's electoral calendar, as the institute suspends all new registries several months prior to any election. This allows young Mexicans turning 18 within an inactive period to still enroll and guarantee their right to participate in the coming election. The full legal age in Mexico is 18 for both born and naturalized citizens. The voting ID card was introduced in 1990 by the now inactive IFE as a tool to "properly identify electors in a country with a history of voters casting multiple ballots and curious vote counts resulting in charges of fraud." After 2014 the IFE was deemed permanently inactive due to minor constitutional reforms; therefore, the INE was simultaneously created. Although both institutes carry out almost exactly the same tasks and duties, this change allowed for yet further homogenization of elections in the country and opening way to what many Mexicans and members of the international community call the first ever legal elections in the country, in 2017. While there is no single official identity document in Mexico, the INE voter's ID is currently the most widely accepted identity document in the country for legal, commercial and financial purposes, making it a vital document for all Mexicans over the age of 18, and consequently broadening the chance for more citizens participating on election day.


Namibia

In
Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...
, voter ID is needed to cast a ballot. Voter registration cards include a photo and evidence of citizenship.


Netherlands

The registration office of each
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in the Netherlands maintains a registration of all residents. Every eligible voter receives a personal voting notification by mail some weeks before the election, indicating the voting stations in the voter's municipality. Voters must present their voting notification and a photo ID (
passport A passport is an official travel document issued by a government that certifies a person's identity and nationality for international travel. A passport allows its bearer to enter and temporarily reside in a foreign country, access local aid ...
,
identity card An identity document (abbreviated as ID) is a documentation, document proving a person's Identity (social science), identity. If the identity document is a plastic card it is called an ''identity card'' (abbreviated as ''IC'' or ''ID card''). ...
, or
drivers license A driver's license, driving licence, or driving permit is a legal authorization, or the official document confirming such an authorization, for a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles—such as motorcycles, car ...
(a passport or ID is mandatory from the age of 14)). Such photo ID may be expired, but not by more than five years.


New Zealand

Identification does not need to be presented when voting, or enrolling to vote, in elections in New Zealand. When voting, voters need to confirm their name, and sometimes their address and occupation, and will then be marked off the electoral roll. In more recent elections (such as in
2017 2017 was designated as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development by the United Nations General Assembly. Events January * January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting: A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the ...
and
2020 The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of even ...
), Easyvote cards were mailed to enrolled voters to make the process faster.


Norway

Citizens must bring an ID to vote. A polling card or simply stating a name and date of birth is not sufficient. Voting is voluntary, but to be eligible for parliamentary elections, a person must be a Norwegian citizen, at least 18 years old, and either currently or previously registered as a resident in Norway's Population Register. Voting must take place at a polling station or a Norwegian embassy (for those abroad). Voters who cannot access a polling station due to illness or disability may apply to vote from home or another location. In such cases, an electoral officer will come to the voter, and the process will follow the same procedure as at a polling station.


Sweden

When physically voting on election day or during early voting, every voter must provide a valid identification document (such as a passport, drivers license, or an ID card from the Swedish Tax Agency). If a voter is missing valid identification, another person with valid ID-documents can certify the identity of the documentless voter.


Switzerland

There are up to three different ways to vote at the national and cantonal level in Switzerland: 1) directly at the polling station, bringing along some ID (ID card, passport) and the voting material sent by mail three to four weeks before election day; 2) postal voting, by following the instructions included in the voting material sent by mail; 3) voting online, offered in 10 cantons at the beginning of 2019, but not yet at the national level. E-voting is a contentious issue, particularly with regard to a projected digital ID, which raises concerns regarding confidentiality, security and verifiability.


United Kingdom

Photographic identification is mandatory to vote in elections in
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ; ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It has been #Descriptions, variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares Repub ...
, and in the rest of the United Kingdom since 2023. Before any election, all eligible voters are sent a poll card by their local authority, but it is not a requirement to be in possession of a poll card to vote. Voters are asked to give their name and address at the polling station. A voter ID trial was held for the
2018 United Kingdom local elections The 2018 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 3 May 2018, with local council elections taking place in all 32 London boroughs, 34 metropolitan boroughs, 67 district and borough councils and 17 unitary authorities. There were als ...
by the national
Conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...
government. Voters in five local authorities in England (
Bromley Bromley is a large town in Greater London, England, within the London Borough of Bromley. It is southeast of Charing Cross, and had an estimated population of 88,000 as of 2023. Originally part of Kent, Bromley became a market town, charte ...
,
Gosport Gosport ( ) is a town and non-metropolitan district with Borough status in the United Kingdom, borough status in Hampshire, England. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 Census, the town had a population of 70,131 and the district had a pop ...
,
Swindon Swindon () is a town in Wiltshire, England. At the time of the 2021 Census the population of the built-up area was 183,638, making it the largest settlement in the county. Located at the northeastern edge of the South West England region, Swi ...
,
Watford Watford () is a town and non-metropolitan district with Borough status in the United Kingdom, borough status in Hertfordshire, England, northwest of Central London, on the banks of the River Colne, Hertfordshire, River Colne. Initially a smal ...
and
Woking Woking ( ) is a town and borough status in the United Kingdom, borough in north-west Surrey, England, around from central London. It appears in Domesday Book as ''Wochinges'', and its name probably derives from that of a Anglo-Saxon settleme ...
) were required to show ID before voting. The legal basis for the trial was contested, but upheld in '' R (on the application of Coughlan) v Minister for the Cabinet Office''. Voter ID legislation was part of the 2021 Queen's Speech. In 2022, the Conservative government passed the
Elections Act 2022 The Elections Act 2022 (c. 37) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was introduced to the House of Commons in July 2021, and received royal assent on 28 April 2022. The act made photo identification compulsory for in-person vo ...
. The Act introduces voter
photo identification Photo identification or photo ID is an identity document that includes a photograph of the holder, usually only their face. The most commonly accepted forms of photo ID are those issued by government authorities, such as driver's licenses, ident ...
for in-person voting to Great Britain for the first time. The requirement applies to UK general elections, English local elections, and
police and crime commissioner A police and crime commissioner (PCC; ) is an elected official in England and Wales responsible for generally overseeing police services. A police, fire and crime commissioner (PFCC) is an elected official in England responsible for generally ...
elections in England and Wales. In June 2023, the UK
Electoral Commission An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process of any country. The formal names of election commissions vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and may be styled an electoral commission, a c ...
found that 14,000 people were turned away from voting during the local elections in May for not having a required form of ID. The Commission stated that there were "concerning" signs that voters with disabilities, unemployed people and people from particular ethnic groups could be disproportionately affected by the new ID rules. The Commission also carried out separate polling which found that 4% of people who did not vote did not because of the new ID rules; it estimated that at least 400,000 people could not or chose not to vote due to the new ID rules.


United States

Many states have some form of voter ID requirement, which has been allowed to stand by the
Supreme Court In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
. , nineteen states have a requirement for a photo ID. Public opinion polls have shown broad support for voter ID laws among voters in the United States. A 2011 Rasmussen poll found that 75% of likely voters "believe voters should be required to show photo identification, such as a driver's license, before being allowed to vote." A 2012
Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly known as Fox News, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Conservatism in the United States, conservative List of news television channels, news and political commentary Television stati ...
poll produced similar results, revealing that 87% of Republicans, 74% of
independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in Pennsylvania, United States * Independentes (English: Independents), a Portuguese artist ...
voters, and 52% of Democrats supported new voter ID laws. A 2021
Pew Research The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It als ...
poll showed that 93% of Republicans and 61% of Democrats favor requirements that voters show government-issued photo ID to vote.


See also

*
Voter registration In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise Suffrage, eligible to Voting, vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted ...
* Biometric voter registration


References

{{Reflist, 2 Electoral fraud Election law Electoral restrictions ID laws Voter registration Personal identification