The protozoon ''Vorticella campanula'' is found in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams with aquatic vegetation. It has a global distribution. ''Vorticella campanula'' is solitary and not colonial but usually

social Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives fro ...

, several of them being found together. ''Vorticella campanula'' is a sedentary (fixed) form. It is commonly attached by a long highly contractile stalk to some submerged objects like weeds, animals, or stones. ''Vorticella campanula'' is often found in large groups. All the individuals in the group, however, remain free and independent of each other. Most ''Vorticella'' are found in abundance in

stagnant water Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing for a long period of time. Stagnant water can be a significant environmental hazard. Dangers Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of still water, which can become a breeding ground ...

rich in decaying organic matter and feed largely on

bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...

, but ''Vorticella campanula'' live only in uncontaminated water where bacterial growth is poor.

References

*Parker, T. J and Haswell, W. A, (1965) A text book of Zoology, MacMilian & Co.Ltd., London & New York. *Taylor, W. T and Weber, R. J. (1961) General Biology Van Nostran, East West Publications, NY. *Barnes, R. D., (1968) Invertebrate Zoology W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia London * {{Authority control Oligohymenophorea Articles containing video clips Protists described in 1831 Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Ciliate species