East
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth.
Etymology
As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
of the
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages (historiography), Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century. They marked the start o ...
and the
Principality of Volhynia
A principality (or sometimes princedom) is a type of monarchical state or feudal territory ruled by a prince or princess. It can be either a sovereign state or a constituent part of a larger political entity. The term "principality" is often ...
in 987–1199.
Historiography
Russian perspective
Russian historiography on regions like Volhynia, specifically before the emergence of the
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
in 1922, brought together Eastern European lands as justification for
Romanov
The House of Romanov (also transliterated as Romanoff; , ) was the reigning dynasty, imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russi ...
rule. From this two branches of historiography can be traced into the 20th century. The split stems from different arguments surrounding the stability of the Kievan Rus' prior to the
Mongol Invasion
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...
in the 13th Century. Solov'ev and Kliuchevskii declared the state of the Kievan Rus' to be dissolving at the time of the invasion, while others, typically Soviet historians, like Grekov argued that the main principalities of the Kievan Rus', like Galica-Volhynia at this time, were stable en route to being invaded by the Mongols.
Ukrainian perspective
The Ukrainian study of their own respective medieval past begins with the study of the Cossack Chronicles. The Chronicles, authored in the 17th and 18th centuries, traces Ukrainian history from biblical eras into the time of the Khazars. in the 1920s Soviet censorship restricted the study and publication of literary work that demonstrated a separate national and historical background for Ukraine as something non-Muscovite, and therefore non-Russian.
The era of Romanticism in the 19th century brought with it the idea of human ingenuity as the most relevant driving historical force, and authors like Maksymovych and Kostomarov published works like Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian People to popularize this theory. These works were primarily pro-Ukrainian and othered influences like Poland and Lithuania in the general development of Eastern Europe. Volhynia has at different points in time existed in Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian, and Lithuanian spaces and so must be qualified in this argument as solely Ukrainian in the perspective of Maksymovych and Kostomarov.
Mykhailo Hrushevs'ky in the early 20th century generated what is widely considered the most complete repudiation of the Soviet conception of Ukrainian history. His work ''History of Ukraine-Rus', 1898-1937'' reached global audiences and presented a concrete path for Ukrainian history that did not link them directly to the Muscovite succession.
Origins and heritage
Among many East Slavic Tribes, the Volhynians are mentioned in the ''
Primary Chronicle
The ''Primary Chronicle'', shortened from the common ''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (, commonly transcribed ''Povest' vremennykh let'' (PVL), ), is a Rus' chronicle, chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110. It is believed to have been or ...
'' and lived along the
Bug river
The Bug or Western Bug is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of .Volhynia
Volhynia or Volynia ( ; see #Names and etymology, below) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and northwestern Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in ...
, that covered present-day sections of eastern
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, western
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
and southern
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...
. Ukrainians today draw their ancestry from the Volhynian people and the Kievan Rus' at large. According to the information from the chronicle, it is considered that the Volhynians are descendants of the Dulebes and
Buzhans
The Buzhans were a tribal union of Early Slavs, which supposedly formed the East Slavs in southern Russia and the Volga region. They are mentioned as ''Buzhane'' in the ''Primary Chronicle''. Several localities in Russia are claimed to be connected ...
.
According to the tradition recorded by
Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name , ), –956, was a historian, geographer and traveler. He is sometimes referred to as the "Herodotus of the Arabs". A polymath and prolific author of over twenty works on theology, history (Islamic and universal), geo ...
and
Abraham ben Jacob
Ibrahim ibn Yaqub ( ''Ibrâhîm ibn Ya'qûb al-Ṭarṭûshi'' or ''al-Ṭurṭûshî''; , ''Avraham ben Yaʿakov''; 961–62) was a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, Sephardi Jewish traveler, probably a merchant, who may have also engaged in diploma ...
, in ancient times the ''Walitābā'' and their king ''Mājik'', which some read as ''Walīnānā'' and identified with the Volhynians, were "the original, pure-blooded
Saqaliba
Saqaliba (, singular ) is a term used in medieval Arabic sources to refer to Slavs, and other peoples of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe. The term originates from the Middle Greek '' slavos/sklavenos'' (Slav), which in Hispano-Ara ...
, the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Avars.
Christianization
In 981 prince
Vladimir the Great
Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (; Christian name: ''Basil''; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox ...
subjugated the Volhynians under
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.
* was the first East Slavs, East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical At ...
.The Volhynians were Christianized into
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main Branches of Christianity, branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholic Church, Catholicism and Protestantism ...
by Vladimir the Great in his work to modernize the Kievan Rus' state. Both previously and well after the Christianization of the East Slavs, the Volhynians practiced pagan and animalistic rituals despite Vladimir's decree.
In order to maintain Christianity, Vladimir the Great placed his son Vsevolod as prince over Vladimir, Volhynia's most prominent city.
Power and succession
For much of the 9th and 10th centuries when Kievan rule was established Volhynia acted in line but semi-independently from the prince-hood.
In the late 11th Century Kievan rule fell into decline after the death of
Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I Vladimirovich ( 978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise, was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054. He was also earlier Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1034 and Prince of Rostov from 987 to 1010, ...
and Volhynia, as one portion of a fragmented Kievan Rus', shifted into an aristocratic rule in which the territory was controlled by
Boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. C ...
s. These Boyars, due in majority part to their geographic position relative to the capital of the Kievan Rus' were controlled by the Grand Prince of Kiev in a way that allowed Volhynia to adopt the systems and customs, such as Christianity, in a concrete way. In 1146, Volhynia reverted to a patriarchal succession state when Iziaslav Mstislavich decided his son would take the throne, rather than continue allowing the Kievan prince or an associate of the prince to control the principality.
The end of the 10th century brought with it the merger of Galicia and Volhynia. After the conclusion of several conflicts and the ending of the Rostyslavych princely line, Galicia was incorporated into Volhynia by Roman the Great in 1199.
Trade and connections
Trade routes used by the
Varangians
The Varangians ( ; ; ; , or )Varangian ," Online Etymology Dictionary were
Much of Volhynia's influence as a powerful principality of the Kievan Rus' developed from geographical proximity. The kingdoms of Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania all increased the relevance of Volhynia as a center of trade for the Kievan Rus'. The commercial gains of this southwest region promoted moving from Eastern Europe into the Black Sea
Even domestically, the movement of ideas promoted glasswork and artisanship among the most populated regions in the Kievan Rus', including Vladimir.
See also
*
Volhynia
Volhynia or Volynia ( ; see #Names and etymology, below) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and northwestern Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in ...
* Volhynian Germans (Volhynia Germans; de: Wolhyniendeutsche, Wolyniendeutsche, Woliniendeitsche)
*
List of Medieval Slavic tribes
This is a list of early Slavic peoples reported in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, that is, before the year AD 1500.
Ancestors
*Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
** Proto-Balto-Slavs (common ancestors of Balts and Slav ...