Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (), also spelt Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky (; – 6 January 1945), was a Russian, Ukrainian, and Soviet

mineralogist Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific s ...

and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of

geochemistry Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the e ...

biogeochemistry Biogeochemistry is the Branches of science, scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemistry, chemical, physics, physical, geology, geological, and biology, biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natu ...

, and radiogeology. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (now

National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU; , ; ''NAN Ukrainy'') is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that is the main center of development of Science and technology in Ukraine, science and technology by coordinatin ...

). Vladimir Vernadsky is most noted for his 1926 book ''The Biosphere'' in which he inadvertently worked to popularize

Eduard Suess Eduard Suess (; 20 August 1831 – 26 April 1914) was an Austrian geologist and an expert on the geography of the Alps. He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features, the supercontinent Gondwana (proposed in 1861) and ...

's 1875 term

biosphere The biosphere (), also called the ecosphere (), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) is virtually a closed system with regard to mat ...

, by hypothesizing that life is the geological force that shapes the earth. In 1943 he was awarded the Stalin Prize. Vernadsky's portrait is depicted on the Ukrainian ₴1,000 hryvnia banknote.

Early life

Vernadsky was born in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

, on in the family of the native

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

residents Russian Imperial economist Ivan Vernadsky and Anna Konstantinovich, who came from an old Russia noble family. According to family legend, his father's ancestors were

Zaporozhian Cossacks The Zaporozhian Cossacks (in Latin ''Cossacorum Zaporoviensis''), also known as the Zaporozhian Cossack Army or the Zaporozhian Host (), were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from) the Dnieper Rapids. Along with Registered Cossa ...

. Ivan Vernadsky had been a professor of

political economy Political or comparative economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. Marketplace, markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government). Wi ...

at the St. Vladimir University before moving to Saint Petersburg; then he was an

Active State Councillor Active State Councillor (, deystvitelnyi statskiy sovetnik) was a civil position (class) in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722. That was a civil rank of the 4th class and equal to those of M ...

and worked in the

Governing Senate From 1711 to 1917, the Governing Senate was the highest legislative, judicial, and executive body subordinate to the Russian emperors. The senate was instituted by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very end of the R ...

in St. Petersburg. Ivan was a Russian Imperial economist and the editor of a liberal journal which opposed censorship and serfdom, while Anna Konstantinovic was a music instructor as well as a Russian noblewoman of Ukrainian Cossack descent.''В.В. Томазов. Генеалогія В.І. Вернадського: походження та родинні зв'язки ''tr. V.V. Tomasov. Genealogy V.I. Vernadsky: a voyage of motherland''''Vladimir's mother was a Russian noblewoman. In 1868 his family relocated to

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

, where he continued his education, and in 1873 he entered the Kharkiv provincial gymnasium. His father gifted scientific books that including

The Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'')The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by M ...

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English Natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...

and Cosmos by Alexander Humboldt, which was his introduction to early evolutionary theory in relation to nature. Along with the books, his uncle Evgraf Korolenko, a retired civil servant, mentored Vernadsky, taking him on long walks under the stars to discuss the earth and the cosmos. This introduction turned Vernadsky's attention from humanities to science. Vernadsky graduated from

Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg State University (SPBGU; ) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great, the university from the be ...

in 1885. As the position of

was vacant, and

Vasily Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev (; 1 March 1846 – 8 November 1903) was a Russian geologist and geographer who is credited with laying the foundations of soil science. The Ukrainian city of Dokuchaievsk is named after him. Overview V ...

, a soil scientist, and Alexey Pavlov, a geologist, had been teaching Mineralogy for a while, Vernadsky chose to enter Mineralogy. He made the decision to fill this role because the proximity to his childhood home allowed him to care for his recently widowed mother. This influenced Vernadsky's decision to specialize in minerology. Vernadsky went on to study as faculty at

in the Physics-Mathematics program where he specialized in

crystallography Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word ''crystallography'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and (; "to write"). In J ...

and

mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific s ...

. Vernadsky graduated from

in 1885 with a thesis on isomorphous mixtures in minerals. In 1886, Vernadsky married a woman named Natalya E. Staritskaya, although there is not much documented information on her as an individual. He wrote to his wife Nataliia on 20 June 1888 from Switzerland: In 1888–1890, he traveled through Europe, studying the museums of Paris and London, and worked in Munich and Paris. During this time, he studied in Germany, France, England, Switzerland, and Italy and studying the museums of Paris and London, and worked in Munich and Paris. While abroad, he studied under Henry Le Chatelier, Paul Von Groth, and Ferdinand André Fouqué, supporting his decision to focus his studies in crystallography and minerology. While trying to find a topic for his doctorate, he first went to

Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...

to study under crystallographer Arcangelo Scacchi, who was senile by that time. Scacchi's condition led Vernadsky to go to Germany to study under Paul Groth, curator of minerals in the

Deutsches Museum The Deutsches Museum (''German Museum'', officially (English: ''German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology'')) in Munich, Germany, is the world's largest museum of science museum, science and technology museum, technology, with a ...

in Munich. Vernadsky learned to use Groth's modern equipment, which included a machine to study the

optical Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultravio ...

thermal A thermal column (or thermal) is a rising mass of buoyant air, a convective current in the atmosphere, that transfers heat energy vertically. Thermals are created by the uneven heating of Earth's surface from solar radiation, and are an example ...

elastic Elastic is a word often used to describe or identify certain types of elastomer, Elastic (notion), elastic used in garments or stretch fabric, stretchable fabrics. Elastic may also refer to: Alternative name * Rubber band, ring-shaped band of rub ...

magnetic Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other. Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, m ...

and electrical properties of

crystal A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In addition, macros ...

s. He also gained access to the physics lab of Leonhard Sohncke (Direktor, , 1883–1886; Professor der Physik an der Technischen Hochschule München 1886–1897), who was studying crystallisation during that period. In the year 1888, Vernadsky had the opportunity to attend the 4th

International Geological Congress The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to global cooperation in the field of geology. As of 2023, it represents more than 1 million geoscientists around the world. About Fo ...

held in London before moving on to study under Fouqué and Chatelier in Paris. In 1889, when Dokuchaev declined to attend, Vernadsky took over the World Exhibition in Paris on his behalf. His exhibit featured a display on Russian soils where he earned a gold medal for his organization and presentation. In his childhood, his father had a huge influence on his development, he very carefully and consistently engaged in the upbringing and education of his son. It was he who instilled in Volodymyr interest and love for the Ukrainian people, their history and culture. The future scientist recalled that before moving from Kharkiv to St. Petersburg, he and his father were abroad and in Milan, they read about a circular in Pyotr Lavrov's newspaper "Forward" that forbade printing in Ukrainian in Russia. In his memoirs, he wrote: In St. Petersburg, a 15-year-old boy noted in his diary on 29 March 1878:

Political activities

Vernadsky participated in the First General Congress of the

zemstvo A zemstvo (, , , ''zemstva'') was an institution of local government set up in consequence of the emancipation reform of 1861 of Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Nikolay Milyutin elaborated the idea of the zemstvo, and the fi ...

s, held in Petersburg on the eve of the

1905 Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a revolution in the Russian Empire which began on 22 January 1905 and led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Russian Constitution of 1906, th ...

to discuss how best to pressure the government to the needs of the Russian society; became a member of the liberal

Constitutional Democratic Party The Constitutional Democratic Party (, K-D), also called Constitutional Democrats and formally the Party of People's Freedom (), was a political party in the Russian Empire that promoted Western constitutional monarchy—among other policies� ...

(KD); and served in parliament, resigning to protest the

Tsar Tsar (; also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar''; ; ; sr-Cyrl-Latn, цар, car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word '' caesar'', which was intended to mean ''emperor'' in the Euro ...

's proroguing of the Duma. He served as professor and later as vice rector of

Moscow University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, and six branches. Al ...

, from which he also resigned in 1911 in protest over the government's reactionary policies . Following the advent of the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, his proposal for the establishment of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces (KEPS) was adopted by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in February 1915. He published ''War and the Progress of Science'' where he stressed the importance of science as regards to its contribution to the war effort: :After the war of 1914–1915 we will have to make known and accountable the natural productive forces of our country, i.e. first of all to find means for broad scientific investigations of Russia’s nature and for the establishment of a network of well-equipped research laboratories, museums and institutions ... This is no less necessary than the need for an improvement in the conditions of our civil and political life, which is so acutely perceived by the entire country. After the

February Revolution The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...

of 1917, he served on several commissions of agriculture and education of the provisional government, including as assistant minister of education. Vladimir Vernadsky had dual "Russian–Ukrainian" identity and considered the Ukrainian culture as part of Russian imperial culture, and even declined to become a Ukrainian citizen in 1918.

Scientific activities

In 1898, Vernadsky moved to Moscow in order to teach at Moscow University. As head of the mineralogical office, he had the opportunity to restore the Freyesleben collection where he fully cataloged and systemized it. During his work as a professor at Moscow University, he conducted 65 field excursions across Russia with students to Siberia, Urals, Caucasus, and Crimea. Through his work, Vernadsky first popularized the concept of the

noosphere The noosphere (alternate spelling noösphere) is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new s ...

and deepened the idea of the

to the meaning largely recognized by today's scientific community. The word 'biosphere' was invented by Austrian geologist

, whom Vernadsky met in 1911. In Vernadsky's theory of the Earth's development, the noosphere is the third stage in the earth's development, after the

geosphere There are several conflicting usages of geosphere, variously defined. In Aristotelian physics, the term was applied to four spherical ''natural places'', concentrically nested around the center of the Earth, as described in the lectures '' Ph ...

(inanimate matter) and the biosphere (biological life). Just as the

emergence In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole. Emergence plays a central rol ...

of life fundamentally transformed the geosphere, the emergence of human

cognition Cognition is the "mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, ...

will fundamentally transform the biosphere. In this theory, the principles of both life and cognition are essential features of the Earth's

evolution Evolution is the change in the heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, re ...

and must have been implicit in the earth all along. This systemic and geological analysis of living systems complements

's theory of

natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the Heredity, heritable traits characteristic of a population over generation ...

, which looks at each individual species, rather than at its relationship to a subsuming principle. Vernadsky's visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West. However, he was one of the first scientists to recognize that the

oxygen Oxygen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group (periodic table), group in the periodic table, a highly reactivity (chemistry), reactive nonmetal (chemistry), non ...

nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...

and

carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...

in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planets as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was an important pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences. Vernadsky was a member of the Russian and Soviet Academies of Sciences since 1912 and was a founder and first president of the

Ukrainian Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU; , ; ''NAN Ukrainy'') is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that is the main center of development of Science and technology in Ukraine, science and technology by coordinatin ...

, Ukraine (1918). He was a founder of the National Library of Ukrainian State and worked closely with the Tavrida University in

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

. During the

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

, he hosted gatherings of the young intellectuals who later founded the émigré

Eurasianism Eurasianism ( ) is a Political sociology, socio-political movement in Russia that emerged in the early 20th century under the Russian Empire, which states that Russia does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the Geop ...

movement. In the late 1930s and early 1940s Vernadsky played an early advisory role in the

Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet atomic bomb project was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II. Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov suspected that the Allied powers were secretly developing a " superwea ...

, as one of the most forceful voices arguing for the exploitation of

nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by ...

, the surveying of Soviet

uranium Uranium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Ura ...

sources, and having

nuclear fission Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactiv ...

research conducted at his Radium Institute. He died, however, before a full project was pursued. On religious views, Vernadsky was an

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

. He was interested in

Hinduism Hinduism () is an Hypernymy and hyponymy, umbrella term for a range of Indian religions, Indian List of religions and spiritual traditions#Indian religions, religious and spiritual traditions (Sampradaya, ''sampradaya''s) that are unified ...

and

Rig Veda The ''Rigveda'' or ''Rig Veda'' (, , from wikt:ऋच्, ऋच्, "praise" and wikt:वेद, वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian Miscellany, collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (''sūktas''). It is one of the four sacred canoni ...

. Vernadsky's son George Vernadsky (1887–1973) emigrated to the United States where he published numerous books on medieval and modern Russian history. Vladimir Vernadsky with family 1908

The National Library of Ukraine, the Tavrida National University in

and many streets and avenues in Ukraine and Russia are named in honor of Vladimir Vernadsky.

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

sponsored an international scientific conference, "Globalistics-2013", at Moscow State University on 23–25 October 2013, in honor of Vernadsky's 150th birthday.

Family

* Father – Ivan Vernadsky, Russian Imperial economist * Mother – Аnna Konstantinovich, Russian music instructor * Wife – Nataliia Yegorovna Staritskaya (married in 1887 in

) * Son – George Vernadsky, American Russian historian, an author of numerous books on Russian history and philosophy * Daughter – Nina Toll, Doctor-psychiatrist

Impact of Early and Later Life Experiences on Scientific Theory

Vernadsky was born into a Ukrainian family of intellects and progressives. His grandfather was a military doctor, who was honored by Napoleon for his humanitarianism, and his father freed his serfs before serfrom was officially abolished. Throughout Vernadsky's life, there were many influential moments that led to many of his important philosophical and scientific beliefs that paved the way for the biogeochemistry, minerology, and chemistry that exists today. Vernadsky's father's background in politics encouraged Vernadsky's own interests in humanistic and interdisciplinary perspectives in scientific fields, and was a big reason why this was his first choice of study before he made his way to minerology. In addition to his father's background, the gift of the scientific books from him to Vernadsky was also his first introduction to evolutionary theory and the interconnectedness of nature. His upbringing was immersed in his Ukrainian culture, as he was surrounded by the music from his mother, and the intellectual discussion with his uncle and father. While at school at St. Petersburg, Vernadsky was engaged in student activism and was even a part of the Priyutino Brotherhood, which emphasized ethical living and societal reform. When Vernadsky was teaching at Moscow University in 1891, the link between biology and biochemistry was made to inspire his theories in the biogeochemistry realm. His work with various collections, such as the Freyesleben collection, helped to advance the way that collections had been previously organized. His methods transitions this organization from a description classification, to a mechanism and deeper chemical explanation classification. This new organization strategy emphasized Vernadsky's personal view that the Earth's crust is a massive chemical laboratory forming minerals. Vernadksy was not shy to participating in politics. Close friendships with those involved in revolutionary groups, such as those of Ivan Pokhitonov, also helped to expose him to different political ideas and underground literature. Vernadsky was in the opinion that society could be improved through science and that it must not be kept hidden and isolated from the public. His philosophies reflected this sentiment and they smoothly integrated natural science, philosophy, and ethics together, promoting freedom of thought and intellectual change. Throughout his life and career, Vernadsky emphasized this idea of sharing scientific thought and knowledge as he remained deeply connected to different universities with the main goal and supporting and mentoring young scientists. He was in the strongest belief that the key to national progress and reform was through the support of academic institutions.

Legacy

* Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine is the main academic library in Ukraine * Ukrainian Antarctic station Akademik Vernadsky * Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University, university in

Simferopol Simferopol ( ), also known as Aqmescit, is the second-largest city on the Crimea, Crimean Peninsula. The city, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, but controlled by Russia. It is considered the cap ...

* Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, a research institution of the

Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...

* Vernadsky State Geological Museum is the oldest museum in Moscow * Vernadsky Mountain Range is a mountain in

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. ...

and is an extension of the Gamburtsev Mountain Range. * Several avenues in major cities in the former USSR, including

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

and his native

, bear his name. * Vernadskiy (crater), a lunar crater * Vernadsky Medal awarded annually by the International Association of GeoChemistry * 2809 Vernadskij, an asteroid On 25 October 2019 the

National Bank of Ukraine The National Bank of Ukraine ( ; NBU []) is the central bank of Ukraine. Created in 1991 from the Ukrainian operations of the Soviet Gosbank, the NBU employs over 12,000 people, making it one of the largest employers in the financial sector in ...

put in circulation a ₴1,000 hryvnia banknote with Vernadsky's portrait.Ukraine starts printing new 1,000-hryvnia banknotes

UNIAN The Ukrainian Independent Information Agency of News () is a Kyiv-based Ukraine, Ukrainian news agency. It produces and provides political, business and financial information, and a photo reporting service. As of October 2022, it was the most v ...

(1 October 2019)

Selected works

*''Geochemistry'', published in Russian 1924 *''The Biosphere'', first published in Russian in 1926. English translations: **Oracle, AZ, Synergetic Press, 1986, , 86 pp. **tr. David B. Langmuir, ed. Mark A. S. McMenamin, New York, Copernicus, 1997, , 192 pp. *''Essays on Geochemistry & the Biosphere'', tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, , 2006

Diaries

*''Dnevniki 1917–1921: oktyabr 1917-yanvar 1920'' (''Diaries 1917–1921''), Kyiv,

Naukova dumka Naukova Dumka ( — literally "scientific thought") is a publishing house in Kyiv, Ukraine. It was established by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1922, largely owing to the efforts of Ahatanhel Krymsky, a prominent Ukrainian ling ...

, 1994, , 269 pp. *''Dnevniki. Mart 1921-avgust 1925'' (''Diaries 1921–1925''), Moscow, Nauka, 1998, , 213 pp. *''Dnevniki 1926–1934'' (''Diaries 1926–1934''), Moscow, Nauka, 2001, , 455 pp. *''Dnevniki 1935–1941 v dvukh knigakh. Kniga 1, 1935–1938'' (''Diaries 1935–1941 in two volumes. Volume 1, 1935–1938''), Moscow, Nauka, 2006, ,444 pp. *''Dnevniki 1935–1941 v dvukh knigakh. Kniga 2, 1939–1941'' (''Diaries 1935–1941. Volume 2, 1939–1941''), Moscow, Nauka, 2006, , 295 pp.

References

Bibliography

* *"Science and Russian Cultures in an Age of Revolutions" *

External links

The grave of Vernadsky
* Behrends, Thilo
''The Renaissance of V.I. Vernadsky''
Newsletter of the Geochemical Society, #125, October 2005, retrieved 4 May 2024

* Electronic archive of writings from and about Vernadsky (Russian
Электронный Архив В. И. Вернадского
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich 1863 births 1945 deaths Scientists from Saint Petersburg People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd Russian people of Ukrainian descent Presidents of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members Members of the State Council (Russian Empire) Cosmists Soviet geochemists Ukrainian geochemists Russian geochemists Philosophers from the Russian Empire Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925) Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Full Members of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Ukrainian philosophers Russian atheists Biologists from the Russian Empire Mineralogists from the Russian Empire Recipients of the Stalin Prize Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class Russian expatriates in Ukraine Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland Privy Councillor (Russian Empire) Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery Untitled nobility from the Russian Empire People of Zaporozhian Cossack descent Geologists from the Russian Empire Russian cosmism