Viraraghava Copper Plates

Viraraghava copper plate (c. 1225 CE) is a medieval Vattezhuthu inscription from central Kerala, southern India, describing the several concessions made by Viraraghava, the ruler of "Makotaiyar Pattinam" (the port of Kodungallur), to Syrian Christian merchant Iravikorttan.

The provisions include multiple commercial rights and aristocratic privileges, such as "the Rights of the Manigramam Merchant Guild", various monopolies, article brokerages and the right to use slave labour. The record is currently in possession of the Syrian Christian community in Kottayam.

Names

The Viraraghava copper plate is often called "Viraraghava copper plate of Cochin". It is also registered as "Kottayam plate of Viraraghava Chakravartin", or simply as the "Syrian Christian copper plate", or the "Iravi Kortann's Plate".

Context

The record is engraved on both sides of a single copper-plate in the Vattezhuthu script and a modified form of the Grantha script (22 lines). An image of a conch is engraved about the middle of the left margin of the reverse side of the plate. It is dated to the day of the "Rohini star, a Saturday after the expiration of the twenty-first day of the Solar month of Mina of the year during which the Jupiter was in Makara".

Manigiramam, along with Anjuvannam and Ainurruvar, was one of major merchant guilds in medieval south India.

* Viraraghava "Chakravarti" overeign ruleris described as the descendant of certain Vira Kerala "Chakravarti".
* The grant was issued from the Great Palace ("the Perum Koyilakam") at Makotaiyar Pattinam.
* Iravikorttan of "Makotaiyar Pattinam" is described as "the Great Merchant of the Chera/Kerala Land" and the "Lord of the City" ("Nagarattukku Karttavu").
*The Four Temples (the Nalu Tali) are mentioned.
* Witnesses mentioned
** Panniyur Village and Sukapuram Village.
** Venad, Odanadu, Eranad and Valluvanad.
* The scribe is named - Nampi Chateyan, "the Great Goldsmith of the Chera Land".

Rights and privileges

Source:

Commercial Rights

* Rights of the Manigramam Guild.
* The income that accrues.
* The export trade (?) and the monopoly of trade.
* Monopoly of trade in the four quarters ("the Nalu Cheri").
* Slaves (oilmongers he Vaniyaand the five classes of artisans he Kammala.
* Brokerage on articles that may be, measured with the para, weighed by the balance (nira), measured with the thread, counted or weighed and all other articles that intermediate, including salt, sugar, musk ("kasturi") and lamp oil.
* Customs levied on these articles between the Periyar] river mouth ("azhi") of Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple, Kodungallur and the gate ("gopura"), chiefly between the four temples ("the Nalu Tali") and the village adjacent to each temple.

Aristocratic privileges

* The right to construct a gateway with ornamental arch and house pillars.
* The right to issue proclamations.
* The right to use a palanquin and the royal parasol.
* The right to use the "vaduga" drum.
* the right to employ forerunners.
* The right to employ the five musical instruments ("the pancha vadya")
* The right to employ a conch and to use day-time lamp.
* The right to use a cloth spread in front to walk on.
* The right to use festive clothing.

References

13th-century inscriptions
History of Kerala
Vatteluttu
Malayalam inscriptions
1225
Saint Thomas Christians
Kerala history inscriptions

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