Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin (Russian: Ви́ктор Васи́льевич Пашу́тин) was a Russian pathophysiologist, one of the founders of the pathophysiologic school in

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

and of pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. From 1890 to 1901 he headed the

Imperial Military Medical Academy The S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy () is a higher education institution of military medicine in Saint Petersburg and the Russian Federation. Senior medical staff are trained for the Russian Armed Forces and conduct research in military m ...

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

and was its Full Member (1890).

Biography

Pashutin was born on 28 January 1845 in

Novocherkassk Novocherkassk () is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located near the confluence of the Tuzlov and Aksay Rivers, the latter a distributary of the Don (river), Don River. Novocherkassk is best known as the ...

Don Host Oblast Don Host Oblast was a province (''oblast'') of the Russian Empire which consisted of the territory of the Don Cossacks, coinciding approximately with present-day Rostov Oblast in Russia. Its administrative center was Cherkassk, and later Nov ...

. Till 1862 he studied at the Voronezh Theological Seminary. In the same year he was admitted to the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, where he became one of Ivan Sechenov's disciples. Graduated in 1868, he was left at the academy to be prepared for the professor's rank. In 1870 Viktor Pashutin was awarded with the degree of

Doctor of Medicine A Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated MD, from the Latin language, Latin ) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the ''MD'' denotes a professional degree of ph ...

for the thesis titled "Some experiments on the enzymes that turn starch into glucose and cane sugar". In 1871 he became assistant professor of

physiology Physiology (; ) is the science, scientific study of function (biology), functions and mechanism (biology), mechanisms in a life, living system. As a branches of science, subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ syst ...

. The years from 1871 to 1874, Viktor Pashutin spent in practical trainings in different German universities. In

Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...

he practiced physiology under the guidance of Professor

Carl Ludwig Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (; 29 December 1816 – 23 April 1895) was a German physician and physiologist. His work as both a researcher and teacher had a major influence on the understanding, methods and apparatus used in almost all branche ...

and

medicinal chemistry Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with drug design, designing and developing pharmaceutical medication, drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, ...

with Professor Karl Hugo Huppert. He also attended the lectures of Friedrich von Recklinghausen on general pathology and of

Felix Hoppe-Seyler Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (''né'' Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. He had discovered Yeast nuclei ...

Strasbourg Strasbourg ( , ; ; ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est Regions of France, region of Geography of France, eastern France, in the historic region of Alsace. It is the prefecture of the Bas-Rhin Departmen ...

. From 1874 to 1879 Professor Pashutin headed the Department of General Pathology of the Imperial Kazan University, where he founded Russia's first laboratory of experimental pathology. Since 1879 he headed the newly established Department of General and Experimental Pathology of the

, moulded by him into a center of national pathophysiologic school. From 1890 to 1901 Professor Pashutin served as head of the

. He was elected its Full Member in 1890. Since 1889, Professor Pashutin also was a chairman of the Medical Council of the Imperial Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1892 he was promoted to the rank of Privy Councilor (III grade of the

Table of Ranks The Table of Ranks () was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary ...

). Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin died on 2 February 1901 in

Scientific activity

Professor Pashutin's principal works are dedicated to disturbances of

metabolism Metabolism (, from ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the co ...

and

thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature ...

, oxygen starvation and

vitamin deficiency Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a ''primary deficiency'', whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a ''second ...

. He created an important scientific school, among whose adherents were Pyotr Albitsky, Stepan Kostyurin,

Nikolai Kravkov Nikolai Pavlovich Kravkov (in Russian Николай Павлович Кравков) was a prominent Russian pharmacologist, Full Member of the Imperial Military Medical Academy (1914), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Science (1 ...

, Sergey Lukyanov, Alexander Reprev, Nikolai Ushinsky and others.

Selected bibliography

* V.V. Pashutin, Some experiments on the enzymes that turn starch into glucose and cane sugar (Y. Trey's Typography, Saint Petersburg, 1870) * V.V. Pashutin, Lectures in general pathology (pathological physiology), in two parts (University Press, Kazan, 1878–1881) * V.V. Pashutin, Course of General and Experimental Pathology, in two volumes (N.A. Lebedev's Typography, Staint Petersburg, 1885–1902) * V.V. Pashutin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1952)

References

* P.M. Albitsky, Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin (M. Merkushev's Typography, Saint Petersburg, 1901) * P.N. Veselkin, V.V. Pashutin (Medgiz, Moscow, 1950) {{DEFAULTSORT:Pashutin, Viktor 1845 births 1901 deaths People from Novocherkassk Russian pathologists Physiologists from the Russian Empire S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class 19th-century scientists from the Russian Empire