Victor Brauner
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Victor Brauner (, also spelled Viktor Brauner; 15 June 1903 – 12 March 1966) was a Romanian painter and sculptor of the
surrealist Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
movement.


Early life

He was born in
Piatra Neamț Piatra Neamț (; ; ) is the capital city of Neamț County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania. Because of its very privileged location in the Divisions of the Carpathians, Eastern Carpathian mountains, it is con ...
, Romania, the son of a Jewish timber manufacturer who subsequently settled in Vienna with his family for a few years. It is there that young Victor attended elementary school. When his family returned to Romania in 1914, he continued his studies at the
Lutheran Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...
school in
Brăila Brăila (, also , ) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County. The Sud-Est (development region), ''Sud-Est'' Regional Development Agency is located in Brăila. According to the 2021 Romanian ...
. His interests revolved around
zoology Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the anatomy, structure, embryology, Biological classification, classification, Ethology, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinction, extinct, and ...
during that period. He attended the National School of Fine Arts in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
(1916–1918) and Horia Igiroșanu private school of painting. He visited
Fălticeni Fălticeni (; ''; ;'' ) is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Western Moldavia. According to the 2021 census, Fălticeni is the third largest urban settlement in the county. It was declared ...
and
Balcic Balchik ( ; , ) is a List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, town and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the Southern Dobruja area of northeastern Bulgaria. It is in Dobrich Province, 35 km southeast of Dobrich and 42 km no ...
, and started painting landscapes in the manner of
Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne ( , , ; ; ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionism, Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation, influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century a ...
. Then, as he testified himself, he went through all the stages: "
Dadaist Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included Zürich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...
,
Abstractionist Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. ''Abstract art'', ''non-figurative art'', ''non-objective art'', and ''non ...
,
Expressionist Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...
". On 26 September 1924, the Mozart Galleries in Bucharest hosted his first personal exhibition. In that period he met poet
Ilarie Voronca Ilarie Voronca (pen name of Eduard Isidor Marcus; 31 December 1903, Brăila – 8 April 1946, Paris) was a Romanian avant-garde poet and essayist. Life and career Voronca was of History of the Jews in Romania, Jewish ethnicity. In his early yea ...
, together with whom he founded the ''75HP'' magazine. It was in this magazine that Brauner published the manifesto ''The Pictopoetry'' and the article ''The Surrationalism''. He painted and exhibited ''Christ at the Cabaret'' (in the manner of
George Grosz George Grosz (; ; born Georg Ehrenfried Groß; July 26, 1893 – July 6, 1959) was a German artist known especially for his caricatural drawings and paintings of Berlin life in the 1920s. He was a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Obj ...
) and ''The Girl in the Factory'' (in the manner of
Ferdinand Hodler Ferdinand Hodler (March 14, 1853 – May 19, 1918) was a Swiss painter. He is one of the best-known Swiss painters of the nineteenth century. His early works were portraits, landscapes, and genre paintings in a realistic style. Later, he ad ...
). He participated to the ''
Contimporanul ''Contimporanul'' (antiquated spelling of the Romanian word for "the Contemporary", singular masculine form) was a Romanian (initially a weekly and later a monthly) avant-garde literary and art magazine, published in Bucharest between June 1922 ...
'' exhibition in November 1924. In 1925, he undertook his first journey to Paris, from where he returned in 1927. In the period 1928–1931 he was a contributor of the ''
unu ''unu'' (Romanian for "one"; lower case used on purpose) was the name of an avant-garde art and literary magazine, published in Romania from April 1928 to December 1932. Edited by writers Sașa Pană and , it was dedicated to Dada and Surrealis ...
'' magazine (an
avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...
periodical with Dadaist and
Surrealist Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
tendencies), which published reproductions of most of his paintings and graphic works: "clear drawings and portraits made by Victor Brauner to his friends, poets and writers" (Jaques Lessaigne – ''Painters I Knew''). In 1930, he settled in Paris, where he met
Constantin Brâncuși Constantin Brâncuși (; February 19, 1876 – March 16, 1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter, and photographer who made his career in France. Considered one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th century and a pioneer of modernism ...
, who instructed him in methods of
art photography Fine-art photography is photography created in line with the vision of the photographer as artist, using photography as a medium for creative expression. The goal of fine-art photography is to express an idea, a message, or an emotion. This stand ...
. In that same period he became a friend of the Romanian poet
Benjamin Fondane Benjamin Fondane () or Benjamin Fundoianu (; born Benjamin Wechsler, Wexler or Vecsler, first name also Beniamin or Barbu, usually abridged to B.; November 14, 1898 – October 2, 1944) was a Romanian and French poet, critic and existentialist ph ...
and met
Yves Tanguy Raymond Georges Yves Tanguy (January 5, 1900 - January 15, 1955), known as just Yves Tanguy (; ), was a French Surrealist painter. Biography Tanguy was the son of a retired navy captain, and was born January 5, 1900, at the Ministry of Naval Aff ...
, who would later introduce him to the circle of the Surrealists. He lived on Moulin Vert Street, in the same building as
Alberto Giacometti Alberto Giacometti (, , ; 10 October 1901 – 11 January 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, Drafter, draftsman and Printmaking, printmaker, who was one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century. His work was particularly influenced ...
and Tanguy. He painted ''Self-portrait with enucleated eye'', a premonitory theme. In 1934
André Breton André Robert Breton (; ; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') ...
wrote an introduction to the catalogue for Brauner's first Parisian solo exhibition at the Pierre Gallery. The theme of the eye was omnipresent: ''Mr. K's power of concentration'' and ''The strange case of Mr. K'' are paintings that Breton compared with
Alfred Jarry Alfred Jarry (; ; 8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French Artistic symbol, symbolist writer who is best known for his play ''Ubu Roi'' (1896)'','' often cited as a forerunner of the Dada, Surrealism, Surrealist, and Futurism, Futurist ...
’s play ''
Ubu Roi ''Ubu Roi'' (; "Ubu the King" or "King Ubu") is a play by French writer Alfred Jarry, then 23 years old. It was first performed in Paris in 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at the Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de ...
'', "a huge, caricature-like satire of the
bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie ( , ) are a class of business owners, merchants and wealthy people, in general, which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between the peasantry and aristocracy. They are traditionally contrasted wi ...
". In 1935, Brauner returned to Bucharest. He joined the ranks of the
Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...
for a short while, without a very firm conviction, but campaigned for the party with the surrealists
Mary Stanley Low Mary Stanley Low (14 May 1912 – 9 January 2007) was a British and Cuban political activist, Trotskyist, surrealist poet, artist and Latin teacher. She is most known for the book ''Red Spanish Notebook: the first six months of revolution and t ...
and Juan Ramón Breá when they visited him. On 7 April 1935, he opened a new personal exhibition at the Mozart Galleries.
Sașa Pană Sașa Pană (; pen name of Alexandru Binder; 8 August 1902—22 August 1981) was a Romanian avant-garde poet, novelist, and short story writer. Biography Born to a Jewish family in Bucharest, he trained as a physician in Iași and Bucharest, ...
wrote about it in his autobiographical novel, ''Born in 02'':
The catalogue shows 16 paintings; they are accompanied by verse, surrealist images that are exquisite by their bizarreness – they are perhaps the creations of automatic dictation and they certainly bear no connection to the painting itself. They are written in French, but their colorful taste is kept in their Romanian language translation. The exhibition brought about many interesting articles and takings of position regarding Surrealism in arts and literature.
Another remark about Brauner's participation to Surrealist exhibitions: "Despite its appearance of abstract formula … this trend is a point of transition to the art that is to come" (
Dolfi Trost Dolfi or Dolphi Trost (1916 in Brăila – 1966 in Chicago, Illinois) was a Romanian surrealist poet, artist, and theorist, and the instigator of entopic graphomania. Together with Gherasim Luca, he was the author of '' Dialectique de la dia ...
, in ''Rampa'' of 14 April 1935). In ''Cuvântul liber'' of 20 April 1935,
Miron Radu Paraschivescu __NOTOC__ Miron Radu Paraschivescu (; 2 October 1911 – 17 February 1971) was a Romanian poet, essayist, journalist, and translator. Born in Zimnicea, Teleorman County, he went to high school in Ploiești, after which he studied fine arts, first ...
wrote in the article ''Victor Brauner’s exhibition'': "In contrast to what one may see, for instance, in the neighboring exhibition halls, Victor Brauner’s painting means integration, an attitude that is a social one, as far as art allows it. For V. Brauner takes attitude through the very character and ideology of his art". On 27 April, he created the illustrations for
Gellu Naum Gellu Naum (1 August 1915 – 29 September 2001) was a Romanian poet, dramatist, novelist, children's writer, and translator. He is remembered as the founder of the Romanian Surrealist group. The artist Lyggia Naum, his wife, was the inspiration ...
’s poetry collections – ''The Incendiary Traveler'' and ''The Freedom to Sleep on the Forehead''.


Exiles

In 1938, he returned to France. On 28 August, he lost his left eye in a violent argument between
Oscar Domínguez Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to: People and fictional and mythical characters * Oscar (given name), including lists of people and fictional characters named Oscar, Óscar or Oskar * Oscar (footballer, born 1954), Brazilian footballer J ...
and
Esteban Francés Esteban Francés (30 July 1913 – 21 September 1976) was a Spanish surrealist painter. Biography Born in Portbou, Girona in 1913, he spent his first years in Figueras, until 1925, when he moved with his family to Barcelona. There he studied Law ...
. Brauner attempted to protect Esteban and was hit by a glass thrown by Domínguez: the premonition became true. That same year, he met Jaqueline Abraham, who was to become his wife. He created a series of paintings called '' lycanthropic'' or sometimes '' chimeras''. He left Paris during
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
's
invasion of France France has been invaded on numerous occasions, by foreign powers or rival French governments; there have also been unimplemented invasion plans. * The 978 German invasion during the Franco-German war of 978–980 * The 1230 English invasion of ...
in 1940, together with Pierre Mabille. He lived for a while in
Perpignan Perpignan (, , ; ; ) is the prefectures in France, prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales departments of France, department in Southern France, in the heart of the plain of Roussillon, at the foot of the Pyrenees a few kilometres from the Me ...
, at Robert Rius', then at
Canet-plage Canet-en-Roussillon (; ; , ; , ) is a communes of France, commune and town in the France, French Departments of France, department of the Pyrénées-Orientales, regions of France, administrative region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitan ...
, in the Eastern Pyrenees and at
Saint-Féliu-d'Amont Saint-Féliu-d'Amont (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Geography Saint-Féliu-d'Amont is in the canton of La Vallée de la Têt and in the arrondissement of Perpignan. Population Notable p ...
, where he was forcibly secluded. However, he kept in touch with the Surrealists who had taken refuge in
Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...
. In 1941, he was granted the permission to settle in Marseille. Seriously ill, he was hospitalized at the "Paradis" clinic. He painted ''Prelude to a civilization'' in 1954, now in New York's
Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
. The painting is in encaustic on
Masonite Masonite board Back side of a masonite board Isorel, Quartrboard, Masonite Corporation, Masonite, also called Quartboard or pressboard, is a type of engineered wood made of steam-cooked and pressure-molded wood or paper fibers. The fibers ...
. After the war, he took part in the
Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( ; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy. There are two main components of the festival, known as the Art Biennale () and the Venice Biennale of Architecture, Architecture Biennale (), ...
, and traveled to Italy. In 1959, he settled in a studio at 72, rue Lepic, in
Montmartre Montmartre ( , , ) is a large hill in Paris's northern 18th arrondissement of Paris, 18th arrondissement. It is high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Rive Droite, Right Bank. Montmartre is primarily known for its a ...
. In 1961, he traveled to Italy again. In the same year, New York City's
Bodley Gallery The Bodley Gallery was an art gallery in New York City, from the late 1940s through the early 1980s. The Bodley specialized in contemporary art, contemporary and modern art. David Mann was director of the gallery during its heyday and Mr. and Mrs. ...
mounted a solo exhibition of Brauner's work. He settled in Varengeville in
Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...
, where he spent most of his time working. In 1965, he created an ensemble of object-paintings, grouped under the titles ''Mythologie'' and ''Fêtes des mères''. These paintings were made in Varengeville and in Athanor in 1964, where Brauner retreated. His last painting, ''La fin et le début'' (made in 1965), reminds us that "when the painter's life ends, his work starts living". In 1966, he was chosen to represent France at the
Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( ; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy. There are two main components of the festival, known as the Art Biennale () and the Venice Biennale of Architecture, Architecture Biennale (), ...
, where an entire hall was dedicated to him. He died in Paris as a result of a prolonged illness. The epitaph on his tomb from
Montmartre Cemetery The Cemetery of Montmartre () is a cemetery in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, France, that dates to the early 19th century. Officially known as the Cimetière du Nord, it is the third largest necropolis in Paris, after the Père Lachaise Cemet ...
is a phrase from his notebooks: "Peindre, c'est la vie, la vraie vie, ma vie" ("Painting is life, real life, my life"). The painter's notebooks with private notes, which he handed to Max Pol Fouchet, partly enclose the "key" of his creation: "Each painting that I make is projected from the deepest sources of my anxiety..." Victor Brauner's brother, Harry Brauner, was a folklorist who later married
Lena Constante Lena Constante (June 18, 1909 – November 2005) was a Romanian artist, essayist, and memoirist, known for her work in stage design and tapestry. A family friend of Communist Party politician Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, she was arrested by the Comm ...
.


Collections

Brauner was a very prolific artist, especially considering his relatively short life span. About 3,000 works can be found in French collections alone, among which especially: *2,235 works in the collection of the Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Étienne *145 works in the collection of the
Musée National d'Art Moderne The Musée National d'Art Moderne (; "National Museum of Modern Art") is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou. In 2021 it ranked 10th in the list of ...
*79 works in the collection of the Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris *38 works in the collection of the
Musée d'art moderne et contemporain de Strasbourg The Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS, Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art) is an art museum in Strasbourg, France, which was founded in 1973 and opened in its own building in November 1998. One of the largest of its k ...
*28 works in the collection of the
Musée Cantini The Musée Cantini is a museum in Marseille that has been open to the public since 1936. The museum specializes in modern art, especially paintings from the first half of the twentieth century. The building The musée Cantini building was buil ...
As well as works in the Musée de l'Abbaye Sainte-Croix of
Les Sables-d'Olonne Les Sables-d'Olonne (; French meaning: "The Sands of Olonne"; Poitevin: ''Lés Sablles d'Oloune'') is a seaside resort and port on the Atlantic coast of western France. A subprefecture of the department of Vendée, Pays de la Loi ...
(at least 19 works), the
Museum of Grenoble The Museum of Grenoble () is a municipal museum of Fine Arts and antiquities in the city of Grenoble in the Isère region of France. Located on the left bank of the Isère River, place Lavalette, it is known both for its collections of ancient ...
(6 oil on canvas paintings), the
Unterlinden Museum The Unterlinden Museum () is located in Colmar, in the Alsace region of France. The museum, housed in a 13th-century Dominican religious sisters' convent and a 1906 former public baths building, is home to the Isenheim Altarpiece by the German R ...
, etc. In the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, the
Menil Collection The Menil Collection, located in Houston, Texas, refers either to a museum that houses the art collection of founders John de Menil and Dominique de Menil, or to the collection itself of paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, photographs a ...
owns 19 works by Brauner. Major museums such as the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
, the
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, often referred to as The Guggenheim, is an art museum at 1071 Fifth Avenue between 88th and 89th Street (Manhattan), 89th Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It hosts a permanent coll ...
, the
Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
, the
Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page Museum). LACMA was founded in 1961 ...
, and the
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) is a modern art, modern and contemporary art museum and nonprofit organization located in San Francisco, California. SFMOMA was the first museum on the West Coast devoted solely to 20th-century art ...
also own works by Brauner. (see Project sum of all paintings/Creator/Victor Brauner)


See also

* ''
Hommage à Marcel Duchamp ''Hommage à Marcel Duchamp'' is a June 1947 oil painting by the Romanian artist Victor Brauner, today in the collection of the Unterlinden Museum in Colmar, Alsace (inventory number 2003.2.1). Painted shortly before the last great international ...
'', June 1947 painting by Brauner. A celebration of sorts of his friend's creative genius. * ''
Meeting with Myself at the four Cats of the World ''Meeting with Myself at the four Cats of the World'' () is an April 1948 oil painting by the Romanian artist exiled in France, Victor Brauner. It is owned by the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Strasbourg, Alsace since 1988, thanks to a ...
'', April 1948 painting by Brauner. A large self-portrait of sorts, depicting "Victor" meeting and greeting "Victor". * ''
Transatlantic Transatlantic, Trans-Atlantic or TransAtlantic may refer to: Film * Transatlantic Pictures, a film production company from 1948 to 1950 * Transatlantic Enterprises, an American production company in the late 1970s * ''Transatlantic'' (1931 film) ...
'' (portrayal in 2023 TV series)


References


Bibliography

* ''Victor Brauner, je suis le rêve je suis l'inspiration'', exhibition catalogue Jeanne Brun (ed.), Sophie Krebs(ed.), Camille Morando(ed.), texts by Camille Morando, Sophie Krebs, Fabrice Flahutez, ali, Paris, Paris Musées, musée d’Art moderne de Paris, 2021. * Camille Morando, « Matérialité magique des objets à la finalité talismanique chez deux artistes autour du surréalisme en regard de l’art brut », in ''Dimensions de l’art brut. Une histoire des matérialités'',
Fabrice Flahutez Fabrice is a French masculine given name from the Roman name ''Fabricius'', which is itself derived from the Latin ''faber'' meaning blacksmith or craftsman. Notable people with the name include: * Fabrice Balanche (born 1969), French geographer ...
(dir), Jill Carrick (dir), Pauline Goutain (dir.), Nanterre, France, Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2017, p. 47–51. * Emil Nicolae: ''Victor Brauner. La izvoarele operei.'' Prefaţă de Amelia Pavel. Editura Hasefer: Bucharest, 2004. * Claus Stephani: ''Das Bild des Juden in der modernen Malerei.'' Eine Einführung. / Imaginea evreului în pictura modernă. Studiu introductiv. Traducere în limba română de Ion Peleanu. (Zweisprachige Ausgabe, deutsch-rumänisch. Ediţie bilingvă, româno-germană.) Editura Hasefer: Bucharest, 2005. * Claus Stephani: ''Einer von ihnen war Victor Brauner. Die großen Namen der europäischen Avantgarde.'' In: ''David. Jüdische Kulturzeitschrift'' (Viena), 18. Jg., Nr. 68, April 2006, S. 46–4
(online)


External links


Victor Brauner biography





Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte – OPAC
German archive listing of 1961 New York solo exhibition catalogue: "Victor Brauner: paintings, encaustics, drawings; 1932 – 1959" /
Bodley Gallery The Bodley Gallery was an art gallery in New York City, from the late 1940s through the early 1980s. The Bodley specialized in contemporary art, contemporary and modern art. David Mann was director of the gallery during its heyday and Mr. and Mrs. ...
; New York, 1961. *
Victor Brauner
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Brauner, Victor 1903 births 1966 deaths People from Piatra Neamț Dada Jewish Romanian painters Jewish Romanian sculptors Romanian surrealist artists 20th-century Romanian illustrators Romanian magazine illustrators Romanian magazine founders Romanian communists 20th-century Romanian sculptors Romanian expatriates in France Burials at Montmartre Cemetery 20th-century Romanian painters Romanian emigrants to France People of Montmartre