Viburnum Triplinerve

''Viburnum'' is a genus of about 150–175 species of flowering plants in the moschatel family (botany), family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny. It was previously included in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.

The member species are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or (in a few cases) small trees native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains.

Name

The generic name ''Viburnum'' originated in Latin, in which it referred to ''Viburnum lantana, V. lantana''.

Description

The leaf, leaves are opposite leaves, opposite, simple, and entire, with toothed or lobed margins. Cool temperate species are deciduous, while most of the warm temperate species are evergreen. Some species have densely hairy shoots and leaves covered in star-shaped hairs.

The flowers are produced in corymbs 5–15 cm across. Each flower is white, cream or pink, small (3–5 mm across), and has five petals. Some species are strongly fragrant. The gynoecium has three connate carpels with the nectary located at top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers around the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target.

The fruit is a spherical, oval, or somewhat flattened drupe that is red, purple, blue, or black, and contains a single seed. Some fruits are edible, but many others are mildly poisonous. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of many lepidopteran species.

Species

Around 165 species are described. A 2014 phylogenetic study proposed the following phylogenetic scheme and sections:

*''Viburnum clemensiae, V. clemensiae'' Kern
Lentago – Eastern North America except for ''V. elatum'' in Mexico
*''Viburnum cassinoides, V. cassinoides'' L. – Witherod viburnum, wild raisin, Appalachian tea
*''Viburnum elatum, V. elatum'' Benth
*''Viburnum lentago, V. lentago'' L. – nannyberry
*''Viburnum nudum, V. nudum'' L. – possumhaw
*''Viburnum obovatum, V. obovatum'' Thomas Walter (botanist), Walter – Small-leaf Virbunum
*''Viburnum prunifolium, V. prunifolium'' L. – blackhaw
*''Viburnum rufidulum, V. rufidulum'' Raf. – rusty blackhaw
Punctata
*''Viburnum lepidotulum'' Merr. & Chun
*''Viburnum punctatum'' Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don
Euviburnum
*''Viburnum bitchiuense, V. bitchiuense'' Makino
*''Viburnum buddleifolium, V. buddleifolium''
*''Viburnum burejaeticum, V. burejaeticum'' Regel et Herder
*''Viburnum carlesii, V. carlesii'' Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – Korean spice viburnum
*''Viburnum cotinifolium, V. cotinifolium'' D. Don
*''Viburnum lantana, V. lantana'' L. – wayfaring tree, hoarwithy
*''Viburnum macrocephalum, V. macrocephalum'' Fortune – Chinese viburnum (琼花)
*''Viburnum mongolicum, V. mongolicum'' (Pall.)Rehder
*''Viburnum rhytidophyllum, V. rhytidophyllum'' Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – wrinkled viburnum
*''Viburnum schensianum, V. schensianum'' Maxim.
*''Viburnum utile, V. utile'' Hemsl. – service viburnum
*''Viburnum veitchii, V. veitchii'' C.H. Wright
Pseudotinus – Asia, except ''V. lantanoides'' in Eastern North America
*''Viburnum furcatum, V. furcatum'' Blume ex Hook.f. & Thomson – forked viburnum, scarlet leaved viburnum
*''Viburnum lantanoides, V. lantanoides'' Michx. – hobble-bush, American wayfaring tree
*''Viburnum nervosum, V. nervosum'' D. Don
*''Viburnum sympodiale, V. sympodiale'' Graebn.
Solenotinus – Asia, extending west to India and south to Indonesia
*''Viburnum awabuki, V. awabuki'' Hort.Berol. Ex K. Koch
*''Viburnum brachybotryum, V. brachybotryum'' Hemsl.
*''Viburnum chingii, V. chingii'' P.S. Hsu
*''Viburnum corymbiflorum, V. corymbiflorum'' P.S. Hsu & S.C. Hsu
*''Viburnum erubescens, V. erubescens'' Wall
*''Viburnum farreri, V. farreri'' Stearn – Farrer's viburnum
*''Viburnum foetens, V. foetens''
*''Viburnum grandiflorum, V. grandiflorum'' Wall. Ex DC – Himalayan viburnum
*''Viburnum henryi, V. henryi'' Hemsl.
*''Viburnum odoratissimum, V. odoratissimum'' Ker-Gawl. – sweet viburnum
*''Viburnum oliganthum, V. oliganthum'' Batalin
*''Viburnum sieboldii, V. sieboldii'' Miq. – Siebold's viburnum
*''Viburnum subalpinum, V. subalpinum'' Hand.-Mazz.
*''Viburnum suspensum, V. suspensum'' Lindl. – Sandankwa viburnum
*''Viburnum taitoense, V. taitoense Hayata
Lutescentia (excluding Tomentosa)
*''Viburnum amplifolium, V. amplifolium''
*''Viburnum colebrookeanum, V. colebrookeanum'' Wall. Ex DC
*''Viburnum garrettii, V. garrettii''
*''Viburnum junghunii, V. junghunii''
*''Viburnum laterale, V. laterale''
*''Viburnum lutescens, V. lutescens'' Blume
*''Viburnum pyramidatum, V. pyramidatum''
Tomentosa – China, Japan
*''Viburnum plicatum, V. plicatum'' Thunberg – Japanese snowball
*''Viburnum hanceanum, V. hanceanum''
Amplicrenotinus (excluding Crenotinus)
*''Viburnum amplificatum, V. amplificatum'' J. Kern
Urceolata
*''Viburnum taiwanianum, V. taiwanianum'' Hayata
*''Viburnum urceolatum, V. urceolatum'' Siebold & Zucc.
Tinus – Asia, except ''V. tinus'' in Europe
*''Viburnum atrocyaneum, V. atrocyaneum'' C.B. Clarke
*''Viburnum calvum, V. calvum'' Rehder
*''Viburnum cinnamomifolium, V. cinnamomifolium'' Rehder – cinnamon-leaved viburnum
*''Viburnum davidii, V. davidii'' Franchet – David viburnum
*''Viburnum propinquum, V. propinquum'' Hemsl.
*''Viburnum rigidum, V. rigidum'' Vent.
*''Viburnum tinus, V. tinus'' M.J. – Laurustinus
*''Viburnum triplinerve, V. triplinerve''
Corisuccotinus (excluding Succotinus and Coriaceae)
*''Viburnum acerifolium, V. acerifolium'' L. – maple-leaf viburnum
*''Viburnum kansuense, V. kansuense'' Batalin
*''Viburnum orientale, V. orientale'' Pall.
Succotinus
*''Viburnum adenophorum, V. adenophorum'' W.W. Sm.
*''Viburnum annamensis, V. annamensis'' Fukouoka
*''Viburnum betulifolium, V. betulifolium'' Batalin
*''Viburnum brachyandrum, V. brachyandrum'' Nakai
*''Viburnum corylifolium, V. corylifolium'' Hook.f. & Thomson
*''Viburnum dilatatum, V. dilatatum'' Thunberg – linden viburnum
*''Viburnum erosum, V. erosum'' Thunberg
*''Viburnum flavescens, V. flavescens'' W.W. Sm.
*''Viburnum foetidum, V. foetidum'' (Graebn.) Rehder
*''Viburnum formosanum, V. formosanum'' Hayata
*''Viburnum hupehense, V. hupehense'' Rehder
*''Viburnum ichangense, V. ichangense'' Rehder
*''Viburnum integrifolium, V. integrifolium'' Hayata
*''Viburnum japonicum, V. japonicum'' Spreng
*''Viburnum lobophyllum, V. lobophyllum''
*''Viburnum luzonicum, V. luzonicum'' Rolfe
*''Viburnum melanocarpum, V. melanocarpum'' Hsu in Chen et al.
*''Viburnum mullaha, V. mullaha'' Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don
*''Viburnum parvifolium, V. parvifolium'' Hayata
*''Viburnum sempervirens, V. sempervirens'' K. Koch
*''Viburnum setigerum, V. setigerum'' M.J. Donoghue – tea viburnum
*''Viburnum tashiroi, V. tashiroi'' Nakai
*''Viburnum wrightii, V. wrightii'' Miquel – Wright's viburnum
Coriaceae
*''Viburnum coriaceum, V. coriaceum'' Blume
*''Viburnum cylindricum, V. cylindricum'' Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
*''Viburnum hebanthum, V. hebanthum'' Wight & Arn.
Sambucina
*''Viburnum beccarii, V. beccarii'' Gamble
*''Viburnum hispidulum, V. hispidulum'' J. Kern
*''Viburnum inopinatum, V. inopinatum'' Craib.
*''Viburnum sambucinum, V. sambucinum'' Reinew. Ex Blume
*''Viburnum vernicosum, V. vernicosum'' Gibbs
*''Viburnum ternatum, V. ternatum'' Rehder
Opulus – Circumboreal
*''Viburnum edule, V. edule'' Raf. – squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, lowbush cranberry, ''moosomin'' (Cree language)
*''Viburnum koreanum, V. koreanum'' – Korean viburnum
*''Viburnum opulus, V. opulus'' L. – Guelder-rose
*''Viburnum sargentii, V. sargentii'' Koehne – Tianmu viburnum (天目琼花)
*''Viburnum trilobum, V. trilobum'' Marshall – high bush viburnum
Mollotinus
*''Viburnum australe, V. australe'' C.V. Morton – Mexican arrowwood
*''Viburnum bracteatum, V. bracteatum'' Rehder – bracted arrowwood, limerock arrowwood
*''Viburnum ellipticum, V. ellipticum'' Hook. – common viburnum, oval-leaved viburnum
*''Viburnum molle, V. molle'' Michx. – softleaf arrowwood
*''Viburnum rafinesquianum, V. rafinesquianum'' Schult. – downy arrowwood
Dentata – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America
*''Viburnum dentatum, V. dentatum'' L. – arrowwood viburnum
*''Viburnum recognitum, V. recognitum'' Fernald – smooth arrowwood
Oreinotinus – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America
*''Viburnum acutifolium, V. acutifolium'' Benth.
*''Viburnum caudatum, V. caudatum'' Greenm.
*''Viburnum costaricanum, V. costaricanum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl.
*''Viburnum discolor, V. discolor'' Benth.
*''Viburnum disjunctum, V. disjunctum'' C.V. Morton
*''Viburnum divaricatum, V. divaricatum''
*''Viburnum jamesonii, V. jamesonii'' (Oerst.)Killip & A.C. Sm.
*''Viburnum jucundum, V. jucundum'' C.V. Morton
*''Viburnum lautum, V. lautum'' C.V. Morton
*''Viburnum loeseneri, V. loeseneri'' Graebn.
*''Viburnum stellato-tomentosum, V. stellato-tomentosum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl.
*''Viburnum stenocalyx, V. stenocalyx'' Hemsl.
*''Viburnum sulcatum, V. sulcatum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl.
*''Viburnum toronis, V. toronis'' Killip & A.C. Sm.
*''Viburnum triphyllum, V. triphyllum'' Benth. – chuchua, chuque
Undetermined
*''Viburnum arboreum, V. arboreum''
*''Viburnum betulifolium, V. betulifolium'' Batalin
*''Viburnum glomeratum, V. glomeratum''
*''Viburnum hondurense, V. hondurense''
*''Viburnum maculatum, V. maculatum''
*''Viburnum molinae, V. molinae''
*''Viburnum mortonianum, V. mortonianum''
*''Viburnum phlebotrichum, V. phlebotrichum''
*''Viburnum scabrellum, V. scabrellum''
*''Viburnum subpubescens, V. subpubescens''
*''Viburnum treleasei, V. treleasei''
*''Viburnum tridentatum, V. tridentatum''
*''V. venosum'' (or ''V. dentata var venosum'')

Formerly placed here

*''Hydrangea arborescens'' L. (as ''V. alnifolium'' Marshall, or ''V. americanum'' Mill.)
*''Hydrangea macrophylla'' (Thunb.) Ser. (as ''V. macrophyllum'' Thunb.)

Cultivation and uses

Many species of viburnum have become popular as garden or landscape plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, Hybrid (biology), hybrids, and cultivars include:Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan .
*The Hybrid (biology), hybrid Viburnum × bodnantense, ''Viburnum'' × ''bodnantense'' (''V. farreri'' × ''V. grandiflorum'') is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless deciduous shoots in mid- to late winter.
*Viburnum × burkwoodii, ''Viburnum'' × ''burkwoodii'' (''V. carlesii'' × ''V. utile'')
*Viburnum × carlcephalum, ''Viburnum'' × ''carlcephalum'' (''V. carlesii'' × ''V. macrocephalum'')
*''Viburnum carlesii'' has round white flowerheads, strong fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn.
*''Viburnum davidii'' is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit.
*''Viburnum dentatum'' has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt-tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species.
*''Viburnum dilatatum'' has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter.
*Viburnum × jackii, ''Viburnum'' × ''jackii'' – Jack's viburnum
*''Viburnum × juddii'' (''V. bitchiuense'' × ''V. carlesii'')
*''Viburnum plicatum'' has white flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought.
*''Viburnum × '' (''V. rhytidophyllum'' × ''V. utile'')
*''Viburnum × rhytidophylloides'' (''V. lantana'' × ''V. rhytidophyllum'')popular evergreen shrub, drought resistant. Shiny green leafs, white flowers.
*''Viburnum rhytidophyllum'' is a popular evergreen species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and ''. 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between ''V. rhytidophyllum'' and ''V. lantana'' 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum).
*''Viburnum setigerum'' has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit.
*''Viburnum sieboldii'' has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree.
*''Viburnum tinus'' is a widely grown garden and landscape shrub.

The cultivars '' and 'Eskimo', of mixed or uncertain parentage, have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Other uses

In prehistory, the long, straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow-shafts, as those found with Ötzi the Iceman.

The fruit of some species (e.g. ''V. lentago''Plants for a future
''Viburnum lentago''
/ref>) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. ''V. opulus''Plants for a future
''Viburnum opulus''
/ref>) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity.

The Bark (botany), bark of some species is used in herbal medicine, as an antispasmodic and to treat asthma.

Cultural references

In Ukraine, ''Viburnum opulus'' is an important element of traditional folk culture, and ''Viburnum opulus'' (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol and emblem for both the Koliada festivities, as well as representing young girls' love and tenderness. It is a key element of Ukrainian traditional wreaths. Many folk songs are dedicated to the kalyna as well as very popular song "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna, Oi u Luzi Chervona Kalina".

The Lithuanian name for the genus ''Viburnum'' is "Putinas". This was the pen name of Lithuanian poet and writer Vincas Mykolaitis. In 2000, the Lithuanian liquor company Alita (company), Alita released a vodka named Putin Vodka, with a red, white, and blue label, which are the colours of the Russian flag. Sold only in Lithuania at that time, a company spokesperson said that the name had its origin in the tree "putinas", after speculation arose that it was named after Russian president Vladimir Putin.

References

{{Authority control

Viburnum,
Dipsacales genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus