Verticillium wilt is a wilt

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function (biology), function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical condi ...

affecting over 350

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

eudicot The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

s. It is caused by six species of '' Verticillium''

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

: ''V. dahliae'', ''V. albo-atrum'', ''V. longisporum'', ''V. nubilum'', ''V. theobromae'' and ''V. tricorpus''. Many economically important plants are susceptible including

cotton Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure ...

tomato The tomato (, ), ''Solanum lycopersicum'', is a plant whose fruit is an edible Berry (botany), berry that is eaten as a vegetable. The tomato is a member of the nightshade family that includes tobacco, potato, and chili peppers. It originate ...

es,

potato The potato () is a starchy tuberous vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are underground stem tubers of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'', a perennial in the nightshade famil ...

es, oilseed rape,

eggplant Eggplant (American English, US, Canadian English, CA, Australian English, AU, Philippine English, PH), aubergine (British English, UK, Hiberno English, IE, New Zealand English, NZ), brinjal (Indian English, IN, Singapore English, SG, Malays ...

s, peppers and ornamentals, as well as others in natural vegetation communities. Many eudicot species and cultivars are resistant to the disease and all

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one Embryo#Plant embryos, embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but ...

gymnosperm The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial Seed plant, seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include Pinophyta, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetoph ...

s and

fern The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissue ...

s are immune. Signs are superficially similar to ''

Fusarium ''Fusarium'' (; ) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the s ...

'' wilts. There are no fungicides characterized for the control of this disease but soil fumigation with chloropicrin has been proven successful in dramatically reducing ''Verticillium'' wilt in diverse crops such as vegetables using

plasticulture Plasticulture is the practice of using plastic materials in agriculture, agricultural applications. The plastic materials themselves are often and broadly referred to as "ag plastics". Plasticulture ag plastics include soil fumigation film, irri ...

production methods, and in non-tarped potato production in North America . Additional strategies to manage the disease include crop rotation, the use of resistant varieties and deep plowing (to accelerate the decomposition of infected plant residue). In recent years, pre-plant soil fumigation with chloropicrin in non-tarped, raised beds has proven to be economically viable and beneficial for reducing wilt disease and increasing yield and quality of potato in North America. Soil fumigation is a specialized practice requiring special permits, equipment, and expertise, so qualified personnel must be employed.

Hosts and symptoms

''Verticillium'' spp. attack a very large host range including more than 350 species of vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, field crops, and shade or forest trees. Most vegetable species have some susceptibility, so it has a very wide host range. A list of known hosts is at the bottom of this page. The symptoms are similar to most wilts with a few specifics to ''Verticillium''. Wilt itself is the most common symptom, with wilting of the stem and leaves occurring due to the blockage of the xylem vascular tissues and therefore reduced water and nutrient flow. In small plants and seedlings, ''Verticillium'' can quickly kill the plant while in larger, more developed plants the severity can vary. Some times only one side of the plant will appear infected because once in the vascular tissues, the disease migrates mostly upward and not as much radially in the stem. Other symptoms include stunting, chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, necrosis or tissue death, and defoliation. Internal vascular tissue discoloration might be visible when the stem is cut. In ''Verticillium'', the symptoms and effects will often only be on the lower or outer parts of plants or will be localized to only a few branches of a tree. In older plants, the infection can cause death, but often, especially with trees, the plant will be able to recover, or at least continue living with the infection. The severity of the infection plays a large role in how severe the signs are and how quickly they develop.

Disease cycle

While ''Verticillium'' spp. are very diverse, the basic life cycle of the pathogen is similar across species, except in their survival structures. The survival structures vary by species with ''V. albo-atrum'' forming mycelium, ''V. dahliae'' forming microsclerotia, ''V. nigrescens'' and ''V. nubilum'' forming chlamydospores, and ''V. tricorpus'' forming all three. While resting, many factors such as soil chemistry, temperature, hydration, micro fauna, and non-host crops all have an effect on the viability of the resting structure. Mycelium have been observed remaining viable for at least 4 years, while microsclerotia have been observed in fields planted with non-host crops for over 10 years and even 15 years has been reported. Viability is reduced at these extremes, but the long survivability of these structures is an important aspect for ''Verticillium'' control. When roots of a host crop come near the resting structure (about 2mm), root exudate promotes germination and the fungi grows out of the structure and toward the plant. Being a vascular wilt, it will try to get to the vascular system on the inside of the plant, and therefore must enter the plant. Natural root wounds are the easiest way to enter, and these wounds occur naturally, even in healthy plants because of soil abrasion on roots. ''Verticillium'' has also been observed entering roots directly, but these infections rarely make it to the vascular system, especially those that enter through root hairs. Once the pathogen enters the host, it makes its way to the vascular system, and specifically the xylem. The fungi can spread as hyphae through the plant, but can also spread as spores. ''Verticillium'' produce

conidia A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...

on conidiophores and once conidia are released in the xylem, they can quickly colonize the plant. Conidia have been observed traveling to the top of cotton plants, , 24 hours after initial conidia inoculation, so the spread throughout the plant can occur very quickly. Sometimes the flow of conidia will be stopped by cross sections of the xylem, and here the conidia will spawn, and the fungal hyphae can overcome the barrier, and then produce more conidia on the other side. A heavily infected plant can succumb to the disease and die. As this occurs, the ''Verticillium'' will form its survival structures and when the plant dies, its survival structures will be where the plant falls, releasing inoculates into the environment. The survival structures will then wait for a host plant to grow nearby and will start the cycle all over again. Besides being long lasting in the soil, ''Verticillium'' can spread in many ways. The most common way of spreading short distances is through root to root contact within the soil. Roots in natural conditions often have small damages or openings in them that are easily colonized by ''Verticillium'' from an infected root nearby. Air borne conidia have been detected and some colonies observed, but mostly the conidia have difficulty developing above ground on healthy plants. In open channel irrigation, ''V. dahliae'' have been found in the irrigation ditches up to a mile from the infected crop. Without fungicidal seed treatments, infected seeds are easily transported and the disease spread, and ''Verticillium'' has been observed remaining viable for at least 13 months on some seeds. Planting infected seed potatoes can also be a source of inoculum to a new field. Finally, insects have also been shown to transmit the disease. Many insects including potato leaf hopper, leaf cutter bees, and aphids have been observed transmitting conidia of ''Verticillium'' and because these insects can cause damage to the plant creating an entry for the ''Verticillium'', they can help transmit the disease.Pegg, G.F., Brady, B.L. (2002) Verticillium Wilts, CABI Publishing, New York, NY.

Environment

While Verticillium wilts often have the same symptoms of Fusarium wilts, ''Verticillium'' can survive cold weather and winters much better than ''Fusarium'', which prefers warmer climates. The resting structures of ''Verticillium'' are able to survive freezing, thawing, heat shock, dehydration, and many other factors and are quite robust and difficult to get rid of. The one factor they do not tolerate well is extended periods of anaerobic conditions (such as during flooding). ''Verticillium'' will grow best between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius, but germination and growth can occur well below (or above) those temperatures. Still, ''Verticillium'' will generally not survive in the branches and trunks of infected trees during hot, dry seasons in regions such as summer in southern California. This does not generally "cure" the entire tree, however, and recurrence can happen via a reinfection from the roots during winter and spring. Water is necessary for resting structure germination, but is not as important for the spread of the fungus as in many other fungi. While not an environmental requirement for the fungus, stressed plants, often brought on by environmental changes, are easier to attack than healthy plants, so any conditions that will stress the plant but not directly harm the ''Verticillium'' will be beneficial for Verticillium wilt development.

Management

''Verticillium'' wilt begins as a mild, local infection, which over a few years will grow in strength as more virile strains of the fungus develop. If left unchecked the disease will become so widespread that the crop will need to be replaced with resistant varieties, or a new crop will need to be planted altogether.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology, 5th Edition. Control of ''Verticillium'' can be achieved by planting disease–free plants in uncontaminated soil, planting resistant varieties, and refraining from planting susceptible crops in areas that have been used repeatedly for solanaceous crops. Soil fumigation can also be used, with chloropicrin being particularly effective in reducing disease incidence in contaminated fields. In tomato plants, the presence of ethylene during the initial stages of infection inhibits disease development, while in later stages of disease development the same hormone will cause greater wilt. Tomato plants are available that have been engineered with resistant genes that will tolerate the fungus while showing significantly lower signs of wilting. ''Verticillium albo-altrum'', ''V. dahliae'' and ''V. longisporum'' can overwinter as melanized mycelium or microsclerotia within live vegetation or plant debris. As a result, it can be important to clear plant debris to lower the spread of disease. ''V. dahliae'' and ''V. longisporum'' are able to survive as microsclerotia in soil for up to 15 years.

Importance

Verticillium wilt occurs in a broad range of hosts but has similar devastating effects on many of these plants. In general, it reduces the quality and quantity of a crop by causing discoloration in tissues, stunting, and premature defoliation and death. Stock from infested nurseries may be restricted. Once a plant is infected, there is no way to cure it. Verticillium wilt is especially a concern in temperate areas and areas that are irrigated. ''Verticllium spp.'' can naturally occur in forest soils and when these soils are cultivated, the pathogen will infect the crop. The Salinas Valley in California has had severe problems with ''Verticillium'' wilt since 1995, most likely due to flooding in the winter of 1995. Many areas in the Salinas and Pajaro Valleys are unable to grow lettuce due to the high levels of ''Verticillium dahliae'' in the soil. Potatoes grown in ''Verticillium'' infested soils may have a reduced yield between 30–50% compared to potatoes grown in "clean" soil. Verticillium wilt has also caused a shift in peppermint cultivation from the Midwest in the mid- to late-1800s to western states such as Oregon, Washington and Idaho, to new, non-infested areas within these states now.

Lists of plants susceptible or resistant

Replanting susceptible species on the site of a removed plant that has succumbed to ''V. albo-atrum'' or ''V. dahliae'' is inadvisable because of the heightened risk of infection. Instead, resistant or immune varieties should be used. The following two lists show both susceptible and resistant/immune plants by Latin name. See also W. A. Sinclair and G. W. Hudler, "Cornell Tree Pest Leaflet A-3 (Revised), 12/84."Verticillium wilt of vegetables and herbaceous ornamentals,2011-3-20 (*) indicates that the plant occurs on both lists because different varieties or cultivars vary in their resistance.
(#) indicates that some strains are resistant.
(+) indicates susceptibility to some European strains of ''Verticillium albo-atrum''.

Susceptible plants

* '' Abelmoschus esculentus'' (also known as ''Hibiscus esculentus'') (Okra) * '' Abutilon spp.'' (Abutilon) * '' Acer spp.'' (Maple) * ''

Acer negundo ''Acer negundo'', also known as the box elder, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple or ash-leaved maple, is a species of maple native to North America from Canada to Honduras. It is a fast-growing, short-lived tree with opposite, ash-like compound l ...

'' (Box Elder) * ''

Aconitum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, devil's helmet, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family (biology), family Ranunculaceae. These herbaceous perennial ...

'' (Monkshood, Aconite) * ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, Sapindus, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnu ...

'' (Horsechestnut) * '' Aesculus glabra'' (Ohio Buckeye) * ''

Ailanthus altissima ''Ailanthus altissima'' ( ), commonly known as tree of heaven or ailanthus tree, is a deciduous tree in the quassia family. It is native to northeast and central China, and Taiwan. Unlike other members of the genus ''Ailanthus'', it is found ...

'' (Tree of Heaven) * '' Albizia'' (Mimosa) * ''

Amaranthus retroflexus ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed. Outside ...

'' (Rough Pigweed) * ''(*)

Amelanchier ''Amelanchier'' ( ), also known as shadbush, shadwood or shadblow, serviceberry or sarvisberry (or just sarvis), juneberry, saskatoon, sugarplum, wild-plum or chuckley pear,A Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador Vascular Plants/ref> is a ...

'' (Serviceberry) * ''

Antirrhinum majus ''Antirrhinum majus'', the common snapdragon (often – especially in horticulture – simply "snapdragon"), is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus ''Antirrhinum''. The plant was placed in the family Plantaginaceae following a r ...

'' (Snapdragon) * ''

Arabidopsis thaliana ''Arabidopsis thaliana'', the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally ...

'' (Thale cress) * '' Arachis hypogaea'' (Peanut) * '' Aralia cordata'' (Udo) * ''

Aralia racemosa ''Aralia racemosa'', with common names American spikenard, small spikenard, Indian root, spice berry, spignet, life-of-man, petty morel, is an ornamental plant in the family Araliaceae native to the United States and Canada. It is a herbaceous pl ...

'' (American spikenard) * '' Armoracia lapathifolia'' (Horseradish) * '' Aster spp.'' (Aster) * ''

Atropa belladonna ''Atropa bella-donna'', commonly known as deadly nightshade or belladonna, is a toxic perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes and eggplant. It is native to Europe and Western Asia, i ...

'' (Belladonna) * '' Aucuba'' (Aucuba) * ''

Berberis ''Berberis'' (), commonly known as barberry, is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from tall, found throughout temperate and subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South America a ...

'' (Barberry) * ''

Brassica napus Rapeseed (''Brassica napus'' subsp. ''napus''), also known as rape and oilseed rape and canola, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturall ...

'' (Oilseed rape, Rapeseed) * ''Brassica napobrassica'' (

Rutabaga Rutabaga (; North American English) or swede (British English and some Commonwealth English) is a root vegetable, a form of ''Brassica napus'' (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots language, Scots), an ...

, Rapeseed) * '' Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'' (Cauliflower) * '' Brassica oleracea var. capitata'' (Cabbage) * '' Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera'' (Brussels Sprouts) * ''

Buxus ''Buxus'' is a genus of about seventy species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box and boxwood. The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost So ...

'' (Box, boxwood) * '' Calceolaria spp.'' (Slipperwort) * '' Callirhoe papaver'' (Poppy mallow) * '' Callistephus chinensis'' (Chinese Aster) * ''

Camellia ''Camellia'' (pronounced or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in East Asia, eastern and South Asia, southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are ...

'' (Camellia) * ''

Campanula ''Campanula'' () is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family (biology), family of flowering plants. ''Campanula'' are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers—''campanula'' i ...

spp.'' (Bellflower) * '' Campsis radicans'' (Trumpet Creeper) * ''

Cannabis sativa ''Cannabis sativa'' is an annual Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plant. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The specific epithet ''Sativum, sativa'' means 'cultivated'. Indigenous to East Asia, Eastern Asia, the pla ...

'' (Hemp, Marijuana) * ''

Capsicum ''Capsicum'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family Solanaceae, native to the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their edible fruit, which are generally known as "peppers" or "capsicum". Chili peppers grow on five s ...

spp.'' (Pepper) * ''

Carpobrotus edulis ''Carpobrotus edulis'' is a creeping plant with succulent leaves in the genus '' Carpobrotus'', native to South Africa. Its common names include hottentot-fig, sour fig, ice plant, highway ice plant, or vygie. Description ''Carpobrotus eduli ...

'' (Ice Plant) * ''

Carthamus tinctorius Safflower (''Carthamus tinctorius'') is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae. It is one of the world's oldest crops; today, it is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. ...

'' (Safflower) * '' Carya illinoensis'' (Pecan) * '' Catalpa speciosa'' (Northern Catalpa) * '' Catalpa bignonioides'' (Southern Catalpa) * '' Celosia argentea'' (Cockscomb) * '' Centaurea cyanus'' (Cornflower, Bachelor's button) * '' Centaurea imperialis'' (Sweet Sultan) * '' Ceratonia siliqua'' (Carob) * '' Cercis canadensis'' (Redbud) * '' Cercis siliquastrum'' (Judas Tree) * ''

Chenopodium ''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoot, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...

'' (Goosefoot) * ''(#)

Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemums ( ), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants in the Asteraceae family. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia, and the center of diversity is in China. Co ...

spp.'' (Chrysanthemum, Marguerite etc.) * '' Chrysanthemum leucanthemum'' (Oxeye Daisy) * ''

Cinnamomum camphora ''Camphora officinarum'' is a species of evergreen tree indigenous to warm temperate to subtropical regions of East Asia, including countries such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. It is known by various names, most notably the camph ...

'' (Camphor tree) * '' Cistus palhinhai'' (Rock rose) * '' Cistus x purpureus'' (Orchid Spot rock rose) * '' Citrullus vulgaris'' (Watermelon) * '' Cladrastis lutea'' (Yellow wood) * '' Clarkia elegans'' (Clarkia) * '' Coreopsis lanceolata'' (Tickseed) * ''(*)

Cornus ''Cornus'' is a genus of about 30–60 species of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods or cornels, which can generally be distinguished by their blossoms, berries, and distinctive bark. Most are deciduous ...

'' (Dogwood) * ''

Cosmos The cosmos (, ; ) is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order. Usage of the word ''cosmos'' implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity. The cosmos is studied in cosmologya broad discipline covering ...

'' (Cosmos) * '' Cotinus coggygria'' (Smoke Tree) * '' Cupaniopsis anacardioides'' (Carrotwood) * ''

Cucumis melo ''Cucumis melo'', also known as melon, is a species of ''Cucumis'' that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. The fruit is a pepo. The flesh is either sweet or bland, with or without an aroma, and the rind can be smooth (such as ho ...

'' (Honeydew, Cantaloupe and other melons) * '' Cucumis sativus'' (Cucumber) * ''

Cucurbita pepo ''Cucurbita pepo'' is a cultivated plant of the genus ''Cucurbita''. It yields varieties of winter squash and pumpkin, but the most widespread varieties belong to the subspecies ''Cucurbita pepo'' subsp. ''pepo'', called summer squash. It has b ...

'' (Pumpkin) * '' Cydonia oblonga'' (Quince) * ''

Cynara cardunculus The cardoon (''Cynara cardunculus'' ), also called the artichoke thistle, is a thistle in the family Asteraceae. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many cultivar, cultivated forms, including the artichoke, globe artichoke. It is n ...

'' (Globe artichoke) * '' Dahlia variabilis'' (Dahlia) * '' Delphinium ajacis'' (Rocket larkspur) * ''

Digitalis purpurea ''Digitalis purpurea'', the foxglove or common foxglove, is a toxic species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalized in parts of North Ame ...

'' (Foxglove) * '' Dimorphotheca sinuata'' (Cape marigold) * '' Diospyros virginiana'' (persimmon) * ''

Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in Tropics, tropical, Subtropics, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa ...

'' (Hopseed) * '' Echinacea purpurea'' (Eastern purple coneflower) * ''

Elaeagnus ''Elaeagnus'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Elaeagnaceae. Some species of the genus are commonly known as silverberry or oleaster, Description ''Elaeagnus'' plants are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or smal ...

'' (Oleaster, Russian Olive) * ''

Erica Erica or ERICA may refer to: * Erica (given name) * Erica (plant), ''Erica'' (plant), a flowering plant genus * Erica (chatbot), a service of Bank of America * Erica (video game), ''Erica'' (video game), a 2019 FMV video game * Erica (spider), ' ...

spp.'' (Heather) * '' Erigeron'' (Fleabane) * '' Eschscholzia californica'' (California poppy) * '' Ficus benjamina'' (Weeping Fig) * '' Ficus retusa'' (Indian Laurel) * ''(#) Fragaria chiloensis'' (Strawberry) * '' Fraxinus pennsylvanica'' (Ash) * '' Fremontodendron spp.'' (Flannel bush, Fremontia) * ''

Fuchsia ''Fuchsia'' ( ) is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. Almost 110 species of ''Fuchsia'' are recognized; the vast majority are native to South America, but a few occur north through Central America to Mex ...

spp.'' (Fuchsia) * '' Gerbera jamesonii'' (Transvaal daisy) * ''

Gossypium ''Gossypium'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, Old and New Worlds. There are abo ...

spp.'' (Cotton) * '' Gymnocladus dioicus'' (Kentucky Coffeetree) * '' Hebe bollonsii'' (Hebe) * '' Hebe x carnea 'Carnea''' (Hebe) * '' Hebe lewisii'' (Hebe) * ''

Hedera ''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern ...

'' (Ivy) * ''

Helianthus ''Helianthus'' () is a genus comprising around 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. Except for three South American species, the species of ''Helianthus'' are native to ...

spp.'' (Sunflower) * '' Helichrysum bracteatum'' (Strawflower) * ''

Heliotropium arborescens ''Heliotropium arborescens'', the garden heliotrope or just heliotrope, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae, native to Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Common names also include cherry pie and common heliotrope. It is an ...

'' (Heliotrope) *'' Humulus'' (Hop) * '' Impatiens balsamina'' (Garden balsam) * ''

Impatiens walleriana ''Impatiens walleriana'' ( syn. ''Impatiens sultanii''), also known as busy Lizzie (British Isles), balsam, sultana, or simply impatiens, is a species of the genus ''Impatiens'', native to eastern Africa from Kenya to Mozambique. The Latin s ...

'' (Busy Lizzie) * '' Jasminum'' (Jasmine) * ''

Juglans regia ''Juglans regia'', known by various common names including the common walnut, English walnut, or Persian walnut amongst other names, is a species of walnut. It is native to Eurasia in at least southwest and central Asia and southeast Europe, ...

'' (English walnut) * '' Koelreuteria paniculata'' (goldenrain tree) * '' Lampranthus spectabilis'' (Ice plant) * '' Lathyrus odoratus'' (Sweet pea) * '' Liatris spp.'' (Gayfeather) * '' Ligustrum spp.'' (Privet) * '' Linum usitatissimum'' (Linseed) * ''

Liriodendron tulipifera ''Liriodendron tulipifera''—known as the tulip tree, American tulip tree, tulipwood, tuliptree, tulip poplar, whitewood, fiddletree, lynn-tree, hickory-poplar, and yellow-poplar—is the North American representative of the two-species genus ...

'' (tulip tree) * ''

Lobelia erinus ''Lobelia erinus'' (edging lobelia, garden lobelia or trailing lobelia) is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family (botany), family Campanulaceae, native to southern Africa. Description It is a low growing, prostrate or scrambling ...

'' (Lobelia) * ''

Lonicera Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus ''Lonicera'' () of the family Caprifoliaceae. The genus includes 158 species native to northern latitudes in North America, Eurasia, and North Africa. Widely known species include ...

'' (Honeysuckle) * ''

Lupinus polyphyllus ''Lupinus polyphyllus'', the large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine, blue-pod lupine, or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin, is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British ...

'' (Lupin) * ''(#) Lycopersicon esculentum'' (Tomato) * '' Maclura pomifera'' (Osage orange) * ''

Magnolia ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendr ...

'' (Magnolia) * '' Matthiola incana'' (Stock) * ''

Melia azedarach ''Melia azedarach'', commonly known as the chinaberry tree, pride of India, bead-tree, Cape lilac, syringa berrytree, Persian lilac, Indian lilac, or white cedar, is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family (biology), family, Meliace ...

'' (Chinaberry, Persian Lilac) * ''

Mentha ''Mentha'', also known as mint (from Greek , Linear B ''mi-ta''), is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is estimated that 13 to 24 species exist, but the exact distinction between species is unclear. Hybridization oc ...

spp.'' (Mint) * ''

Monarda fistulosa ''Monarda fistulosa'', the wild bergamot or bee balm,Wild Bergamot
, Edmonton Naturalization Group ...

'' (Wild Bergamot) * '' Nandina domestica'' (Heavenly bamboo) * '' Nicotiana benthamiana'' (Australian tobacco) * '' Nyssa sylvatica'' (Black Gum) * '' Olea europaea'' (Olive) * ''

Osteospermum ''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies. Its species have been given several common ...

'' (African daisy) * '' Paeonia spp.'' (Peony) * '' Panax quinquefolius'' (American ginseng) * ''

Papaver orientale ''Papaver orientale'', the Oriental poppy, is a perennial flowering plant native to the Caucasus, northeastern Turkey, and northern Iran. Oriental poppies grow a mound of leaves that are hairy and finely dissected in spring. They gather energy ...

'' (Oriental poppy) * '' Parthenium argentatum'' (Guayule) * ''

Parthenocissus ''Parthenocissus'' , is a genus of tendril vine, climbing plants in the grape family (biology), family, Vitaceae. It contains about 12 species native plant, native to the Himalaya, eastern Asia and North America. Several are grown for ornamental ...

'' (Virginia Creeper) * ''

Pelargonium ''Pelargonium'' () is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 280 species of perennial plant, perennials, succulent plant, succulents, and shrubs, common name, commonly called geraniums, pelargoniums, or storksbills. ''Geranium'' is also ...

spp.'' (Pelargonium, Geranium) * '' Persea americana'' (Avocado) * ''

Petunia ''Petunia'' is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word , 'tobacco', from a Tupi–Guarani language. A tender perennial plan ...

'' (Petunia) * '' Pistacia'' (Pistachio) * ''

Phlox ''Phlox'' (; "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", ) is a genus of 68 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in diverse habitats from alpine tundra to open ...

spp.'' (Phlox) * '' Phellodendron'' (Cork Tree) * '' Physalis alkekengi'' (Chinese lantern plant) * ''

Polemonium ''Polemonium'', commonly called Jacob's ladders or Jacob's-ladders (the name derived from the Biblical story), is a genus of between 25 and 40 species of flowering plants in the family Polemoniaceae, native to cool temperate to arctic regions ...

spp.'' (Polemonium) * ''

Populus tremula ''Populus tremula'' (commonly called aspen, common aspen, Eurasian aspen, European aspen, or quaking aspen) is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of the Old World. Description It is a substantial deciduous tree growing to t ...

'' (European aspen) * ''

Prunus ''Prunus'' is a genus of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs from the family (biology), family Rosaceae. The genus includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots and almonds (collectively Drupe, stonefruit). The genus has a cosm ...

'' (Cherry, Plum, Peach, Almond, other stone fruit) * ''

Pyrola ''Pyrola'' is a genus of evergreen herbaceous plants in the family Ericaceae. Under the old Cronquist system it was placed in its own family Pyrolaceae, but genetic research showed it belonged in the family Ericaceae. The species are commonly ...

spp.'' (Pyrola) * ''Quercus palustris'' (Pin Oak) * ''Quercus rubra'' (Red oak) * ''Raphanus sativus'' (Radish) * ''Reseda (plant), Reseda odorata'' (Mignonette) * ''Rhaphiolepis'' (India Hawthorn, Yeddo Hawthorn) * ''Rheum (genus), Rheum rhaponticum'' (Rhubarb) * ''Rhododendron'' (Azalea, Rhododendron) * ''Rhus'' (Sumac, Lemonade berry) * ''Ribes'' (Gooseberry, Black, White, Red and other currants) * ''Ricinus communis'' (Castor bean) * ''Robinia pseudoacacia'' (Black Locust) * ''Romneya coulteri'' (Tree poppy) * ''Rorippa islandica'' (Marsh Cress) * ''Rose, Rosa'' (Rose) * ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' (Rosemary) * ''(#) Rubus'' (Black-, Rasp-, Dew- and other berries) * ''Rudbeckia serotinia'' (Black-eyed susan) * ''Salpiglossis sinuata'' (Painted tongue) * ''Salvia farinacea'' (Mealycup sage) * ''Salvia pratensis, Salvia haematodes'' (Sage) * ''Salvia azurea'' (Blue sage) * ''Sambucus spp.'' (Elderberry) * ''Sassafras albidum'' (Sassafras) * ''Schinus'' (Pepper Tree) * ''Schizanthus, Schizanthus pinnatus'' (Butterfly flower) * ''Senecio cruentus'' (Cineraria) * ''Senecio vulgaris'' (Groundsel) * ''Sisymbrium irio'' (London rocket) * ''Solanum aethiopicum'' (Ethiopian Eggplant) * ''Solanum carolinense'' (Carolina horsenettle) * ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' (White horsenettle) * ''Solanum melongena'' (Eggplant) * ''Solanum nigrum'' (Black nightshade) * ''Solanum sarrachoides'' (Hairy Nightshade) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' (Potato) * ''Sorbus torminalis'' (Wild Service Tree) * ''Spinacia oleracea'' (Spinach) * ''Spirea'' (Meadowsweet, Spirea) * ''Styphnolobium'' (Japanese pagoda tree) * ''Syringa'' (Lilac) * ''Taraxacum officinale'' (Dandelion) * ''Tetragonia tetragonioides'' (formerly ''T. expansa'') (New Zealand spinach) * ''(*) Tilia'' (Lime, Linden) * ''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' (Star jasmine) * ''Tragopogon porrifolius'' (Salsify) * ''Ulmus americana'' (American elm) * ''Ulmus procera'' (English elm) * ''Ulmus rubra'' (Slippery elm) * ''Venidium spp.'' (Namaqualand daisy) * ''Viburnum spp.'' (Viburnum, Wayfaring tree) * ''Vigna sesquipedalis'' (Yard-long bean) * ''Vigna sinensis'' (Cowpea) * ''Vitis'' (Grapevine) * ''Weigela'' (Weigela)

Plants resistant or immune

Clades

* ''Polypodiopsida'' (ferns and allies) * ''Gymnospermae'' (pines, firs, cycads, ginkgos, etc.) * ''Monocotyledoneae'' (grasses, bananas, Arecaceae, palms, Liliaceae, lilies, etc.) * ''Cactaceae'' (cacti)

Species

* ''Acer pseudoplatanus'' (Sycamore) * ''Ageratum spp.'' (Ageratum) * ''Alnus spp.'' (Alder) * ''Alyssum spp.'' (Alyssum) * ''Althaea rosea'' (Hollyhock) * ''(*)

spp.'' (Serviceberry) * ''Anemone spp.'' (Anemone) * ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery) * ''Aquilegia spp.'' (Columbine) * ''Arctostaphylos spp.'' (Manzanita) * ''Asimina triloba'' (Pawpaw) * ''Asparagus officinalis'' (Asparagus) * ''Begonia semperflorens'' (Waxy or fibrous Begonia) * ''Begonia tuberhybrida'' (Tuberous Begonia) * ''Bellis perennis'' (English daisy) * ''Betula spp.'' (Birch, Hophornbeam) * ''Brassica oleracea Italica Group'' (Broccoli) * ''Browallia spp.'' (Browallia) * ''

spp.'' (Boxwood) * ''Calendula officinalis'' (Marigold) * ''Carpinus spp.'' (Ironwood, Hornbeam) * ''Carya'' (Hickory, Pecan) * ''Castanea mollissima'' (Chinese chestnut) * ''Ceanothus spp.'' (Californian Lilac, Ceanothus, Red root) * ''Celtis spp.'' (Hackberry) * ''Cercidiphyllum japonicum'' (Katsura Tree) * ''Cheiranthus cheiri'' (Wallflower) * ''Cistus corbariensis'' (White rock rose) * ''Cistus salvifolius'' (Sage-leaf rock rose) * ''Cistus tauricus'' (Rock rose) * ''Citrus spp.'' (Orange, Lemon, Grapefruit, etc.) * ''Cleome spp.'' (Cleome) * ''(*)

spp.'' (Dogwood) * ''Crataegus spp.'' (Hawthorn) * ''Daucus carota'' (Carrot) * ''Dianthus spp.'' (Carnation, Pink, Sweet William) * ''Eucalyptus spp.'' (Eucalyptus) * ''Beech, Fagus spp.'' (Beech) * ''Ficus carica'' (Fig) * ''Gaillardia spp.'' (Gaillardia) * ''Geum spp.'' (Geum) * ''Gleditsia spp.'' (Honey locust) * ''Gypsophila paniculata'' (Baby's breath) * ''Helianthemum nummularium'' (Sun rose) * ''Helleborus niger'' (Hellebore, Christmas Rose) * ''Heuchera sanguinea'' (Coral bells) * ''Iberis spp.'' (Candytuft) * ''Ilex spp.'' (Holly) * ''Impatiens sultani'' (Hardy Busy Lizzy) * ''Ipomoea batatas'' (Sweet potato) * ''Juglans spp.'' (Walnut, Butternut) * ''Juniperus spp.'' (Juniper) * ''Lactuca spp.'' (Lettuce) * ''Lantana spp.'' (Lantana) * ''Larix spp.'' (larch) * ''Liquidambar styraciflua'' (Sweet gum) * ''Lunaria annua'' (Honesty) * ''(+) Malus spp.'' (Apple) * ''(+) Medicago sativa'' (Alfalfa) * ''Mimulus spp.'' (Monkey flower) * ''Morus (plant), Morus spp.'' (Mulberry) * ''Nemesia strumosa'' (Nemesia) * ''Nemophila menziesii'' (Baby blue eyes) * ''Nerium oleander'' (Oleander) * ''Nierembergia frutescens'' (Cupflower) * ''Oenothera spp.'' (Evening primrose) * ''Penstemon spp.'' (Penstemon) * ''Phaseolus spp.'' (Bean) * ''Pisum sativum'' (Pea) * ''Platanus spp.'' (Sycamore, Plane tree) * ''Platycodon grandiflorus'' (Balloon flower) * ''Populus'' (Poplar) * ''Portulaca grandiflora'' (Moss rose) * ''Potentilla spp.'' (Potentilla) * ''Primula spp.'' (Primrose) * ''Pyracantha spp.'' (Firethorn) * ''(+) Pyrus spp.'' (Pear) * ''Quercus alba'' (White oak) * ''Quercus falcata'' (Southern red oak) * ''Quercus phellos'' (Willow oak) * ''Quercus virginiana'' (Live oak) * ''Ranunculus asiaticus'' (Persian buttercup) * ''Saintpaulia ionantha'' (African violet) * ''Scabiosa atropurpurea'' (Scabious) * ''Salix spp.'' (Willow) * ''Sorbus aucuparia'' (European mountain ash) * ''(*) Tilia'' (Lime, Linden) * ''Torenia fournieri'' (Wishbone plant) * ''Tropaeolum majus'' (Nasturtium) * ''Umbellularia californica'' (Californian laurel) * ''Verbena hybrida'' (Verbena) * Veronica x franciscana, ''Veronica'' x ''franciscana'' (Hebe) * ''Veronica elliptica'' (syn. ''Hebe'' x ''menziesii'') (Hebe) * ''Veronica salicifolia'' (Hebe) * ''Vinca minor'' (Periwinkle) * ''Viola (plant), Viola spp.'' (Pansy, Viola, Violet) * ''Zelkova serrata'' (Zelkova) * ''Zinnia spp.'' (Zinnia)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verticillium Wilt Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Tomato diseases Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Fungus common names