Veronese Riddle

The Veronese Riddle () is a riddle written in either Medieval Latin or early Romance on the Verona Orational, probably in the 8th or early 9th century, by a Christian monk from Verona, in northern Italy. It is an example of a writing-riddle, a popular genre in the Middle Ages and still in circulation in recent times. Discovered by Luigi Schiaparelli in 1924, it may be the earliest extant example of Romance writing in Italy.

Text and translation

The text, with a literal translation, reads:

There are a few complications to the interpretation of the first line. The translation above is based on assuming that is a form of the verb 'lead', is a reflexive pronoun (corresponding to Classical Latin ), and the subject of the sentence (which is left implicit) is the writer or scribe. instead takes the verb as a form of 'seem', reading the line as "it (the hand) seemed like oxen".

The placement of the word at the start of the sentence violates an observed generalization about the position of proclitic pronouns in medieval Romance languages, called the Tobler-Mussafia law. Instead of a pronoun, has sometimes been read as an adverb derived from Latin , or as a prefix forming a word like . However, concludes the word is most likely a pronoun, but one that functions grammatically as a weak tonic form rather than a proclitic.

Explanation

The subject of the riddle is the writer himself: the oxen are his fingers which draw a feather (the white plow) across the page (the white field), leaving a trail of ink (the black seed).

History of the manuscript

The Riddle was written in Verona at the end of the eighth century or beginning of the ninth on a page of a preexisting liturgical text, the Verona Orational (codex LXXXIX (89) of the '' Biblioteca Capitolare di Verona''). The parchment is a Mozarabic (i.e. Visigothic) oration by the Spanish Christian Church, probably written in Toledo. The book was brought from there to Cagliari and then to Pisa before reaching the Chapter of Verona.

The riddle was probably written by a scribe as a probatio pennae (a test to check that a pen was writing well). It was discovered by Schiapparelli in 1924.

Beneath the riddle, the page contains a second added note, unquestionably in Latin, which reads "+ gratias tibi agimus omnip ten sempiterne d u"; based on the handwriting, indicates this note was the work of a separate author.

Linguistic traits

The text diverges from Classical Latin in the following traits, which can be considered vernacular features.
* Phonetic differences:
** Omission of final ''-t'' in the verbs ''pareba'', ''araba'', ''teneba'', ''seminaba'' (from the Latin imperfect forms ''parebat, arabat, tenebat, seminabat'')
** Use of ''-e-'' in place of Classical Latin short ''-i-'' in the first syllable of ''negro''
** Use of ''-o'' in place of Classical Latin ''-um'' at the end of the words ''albo'', ''versorio'' and ''negro''
* Differences in vocabulary:
** Use of the term ''versorio'' for "plough" (vs. Classical Latin ''aratrum''); this can be found (in the form ) in today's Veronese dialect (and other varieties of the Venetian language)
** Use of the term ''pratalia'' for "fields" (vs. Classical Latin ''agros''), also a Veronese lexeme
** Use of the verb ''parar(e)'' for 'push on', 'drive', 'lead'. The form shows replacement of the first-conjugation vowel ''-a-'' with the second-/third-conjugation vowel ''-e-'', a change that is attested occasionally in imperfect verb forms in some Romance dialects.

On the other other hand, in a few aspects the text appears to share features with Classical Latin as opposed to vernacular speech:
* Use of ''-b-'' instead of ''-v-'' in the imperfect verbs ''pareba'', ''araba'', ''teneba'', ''seminaba''. This is presumably a historical spelling of the sound .
* Use of final ''-n'' in ''semen''

Some features of the text are shared with Classical Latin, but can also be found to some extent in vernacular languages of Italy:
* The noun ''boves'' is identical to the Latin accusative masculine plural form, rather than displaying a vocalic plural ending (as in modern Standard Italian ''buoi''). Michele A. Cortelazzo and Ivano Paccagnella say that the plural ''-es'' of ''boves'' may well be considered Ladin and therefore a genuine Romance plural rather than a Latinism.
* As in Latin, the neuter plural ending ''-a'' is found on both the noun and adjective in ''alba pratalia''. Remnants of ''-a'' as a neuter plural adjective ending are attested in some early vernacular Italo-Romance texts, although in Old Veronese (and Northern Italo-Romance more generally) such forms are rare and mostly restricted to phrases where a unit of measure was combined with a numeral.
* The adjective ''albo'' 'white' is not necessarily a Latinism. It corresponds to the Classical Latin lexeme ''albus'', but is also attested in Old Italian, in competition with the Germanic ''bianco'' which eventually ousted it from its place in everyday speech in most of Italy.

Identity of its language

There has been debate over what language the riddle is written in and to what extent the author intended to represent a language distinct from Latin. It has been variously argued to be a Latin text with vernacular influence, a conscious representation of a Veronese "''volgare''", or a Latin-Romance hybrid (that is, a text written in a style that may have intentionally simplified or modified the conventions of written Latin to bring it closer to the spoken vernacular language).

Though initially hailed as the earliest document in a vernacular of Italy in the first years following Schiapparelli's discovery, today the record has been disputed by many scholars from Bruno Migliorini to Cesare Segre and Francesco Bruni, who have placed it at the latest stage of Vulgar Latin, though this very term is far from being clear-cut, and Migliorini himself considers it dilapidated. At present, the '' Placito Capuano'' (AD 960; the first in a series of four documents dated AD 960–963 issued by a Capuan court) is considered to be the oldest ''undisputed'' example of Romance writing in Italy.

See also

* Placiti Cassinesi
* Commodilla catacomb inscription
* Saint Clement and Sisinnius Inscription

References

Bibliography

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* Cesarini Martinelli, Lucia. ''La filologia''. Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1984.
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* Giudice, Aldo; Bruni, Giovanni. ''Problemi e scrittori della lingua italiana''. Torino, Paravia 1973, vols.
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* Migliorini, Bruno, ''Storia della lingua italiana''. Firenze, Sansoni, 1987.
* AA.VV. ''Il libro Garzanti della lingua italiana''. Milano, Garzanti, 1969.
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first draft
available on HAL open science)
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External links

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