Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi of Thalakulam (1765–1809) was the
Dalawa or Prime Minister of the Indian kingdom of
Travancore
The kingdom of Travancore (), also known as the kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor () or later as Travancore State, was a kingdom that lasted from until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvanan ...
between 1802 and 1809 during the reign of
Bala Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal. He is best known for being one of the earliest individuals to rebel against the
British East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...
's authority in India.
Early life
Velayudhan Thampi was born in a
Nair
The Nair (, ) also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as "not a unitary group but a named category of castes". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom hi ...
family to Manakkara Kunju Mayatti
Pillai and his wife Valliyamma Pillai
Thankachi of Thalakkulam. He was born on 6 May 1765 in the village of Thalakkulam in Travancore which is in the present day district of
Kanyakumari
Kanyakumari (Tamil; / kəɳjɑkʊmɑɾiː/; referring to Devi Kanya Kumari, officially known as Kanniyakumari, formerly known as Cape Comorin) is a town and a municipality in Kanyakumari district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the ...
in
Tamilnadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is the southernmost States and union territories of India, state of India. The List of states and union territories of India by area, tenth largest Indian state by area and the List of states and union territories of Indi ...
then a southern district of
Travancore State. His full title was "Thalakulathu Valiya Veettil Thampi Chempakaraman Velayudhan" being from the family that held the ownership of the province and the high title of ''
Chempakaraman'' for their services to the modern state created by Maharajah Marthanda Varma.
Velu Thampi, was appointed a ''Kariakkar'' or
Tahsildar at
Mavelikkara during the initial years of the reign of Maharajah Dharmaraja Ramavarma.
Rise to Dalawaship
Bala Rama Varma was one of
Travancore
The kingdom of Travancore (), also known as the kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor () or later as Travancore State, was a kingdom that lasted from until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvanan ...
's least popular sovereigns whose reign was marked by unrest and various internal and external political problems. He became rajah at the age of sixteen and fell under the influence of the corrupt nobleman
Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri from the
Zamorin of Calicut
The Samoothiri (Anglicised as Zamorin; Malayalam: , , Arabic: ''Sāmuri'', Portuguese: ''Samorim'', Dutch: ''Samorijn'', Chinese: ''Shamitihsi''Ma Huan's Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' 433 Translated and Edi ...
's kingdom. One of the first atrocities of his reign was the desposition, arrest and poisoning of
Raja Kesavadas, the then
Dewan
''Dewan'' (also known as ''diwan'', sometimes spelled ''devan'' or ''divan'') designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A ''dewan'' was the head of a state institution of the same name (see Divan). Diwans belonged to the el ...
of Travancore. Sankaran Nampoothiri was subsequently appointed Dewan (Prime Minister) assisted by two other ministers. The state treasury was soon empty due to corruption so it was decided to collect money by ordering the
tahsildars (district officers) to pay large amounts of money which were determined without any reference to the revenue of the districts. Velu Thampi, the
Tahasildar(Karyakar) of a southern district, was ordered to pay Rs. 3000 to which he responded that he needed three days to pay. Velu Thampi returned to his district, gathered the people and an uprising ensued. People from all parts of Travancore united to surround the palace and demand the immediate dismissal and banishment of Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri. They also demanded that his two ministers (
Matthoo Tharakan, Sankaranarayanan Chetty) be brought to a public place then undergo flogging and have their ears cut off. The punishments were duly carried out and the two ministers were put in jail at
Trivandrum
Thiruvananthapuram ( ), also known as Trivandrum, is the capital city of the Indian state of Kerala. As of 2011, the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation had a population of 957,730 over an area of 214.86 sq. km, making it the largest and ...
. Velu Thampi was later appointed the Dalawa of Travancore.
Career as Dalawa
After Velu Thampi became Dalawa of Travancore, he faced serious opposition from two relatives of the late Raja Kesavadas who sought assistance to get rid of him from their associates in
Bombay
Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial centre, financial capital and the list of cities i ...
. These letters were intercepted and presented to the Maharajah in a negative light and he ordered the immediate execution of the two men, Chempakaraman Kumaran Pillai and Erayiman Pillai. Having cleared the way, Velu Thampi became established as the Dalawa with no opposition. The
Madras Government sanctioned his appointment within a few months.
Even though Velu Thampi tried to enforce justice, he was not an able statesman like
Ramayyan Dalawa or Raja Kesavadas, his immediate two predecessors. He was not diplomatic, but was of a rebellious, abrasive nature. Within three years of the death of Raja Kesavadas the country was plagued with corruption and various problems caused by the banished Namboodiri Dalawa. Velu Thampi resorted to harsh punishments with a view to improve the situation. Flogging, cutting off of ears and noses as well as nailing people to trees were some of the punishments adopted during his term as Dalawa. He was also very strict in punishing wrong doers. Nevertheless, his harsh measures produced results and peace and order were restored within a year of Velu Thampi's accession to the Dalawaship.
Initial intrigues against the Dalawa
The Dalawa's undue severity and overbearing conduct resulted in resentment amongst the
Nair
The Nair (, ) also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as "not a unitary group but a named category of castes". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom hi ...
nobility, the very same people who had assisted his rise to power. A conspiracy was formed against him under the influence of Kunjunilam Pillai, a powerful Travancore cabinet official who succeeded in getting the Maharajah to sign a royal warrant to arrest and immediately execute Velu Thampi Dalawa. The Dalawa was at
Allepey when he received news of the conspiracy and immediately rushed to
Cochin
Kochi ( , ), formerly known as Cochin ( ), is a major port city along the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. The city is also commonly referred to as Ernaku ...
to meet the
British Resident, Col.
Colin Macaulay
Colin Macaulay (13 April 1760 – 20 February 1836), was a Scottish general, biblical scholar and Abolitionism in the United Kingdom, key activist in the campaign to abolish slavery.
Early life
Macaulay was a son of the Rev. John Macaulay (1720 ...
, who, by that time, had become a good friend. Col. Macaulay had already received evidence that Kunjunilam Pillai had a major hand in the murder of Raja Kesavadas and therefore he armed Dalawa Velu Thampi with a small force of British soldiers and sent him to Trivandrum to investigate Kunjunilam Pillai's conspiracy. Pillai was found guilty of murder and conspiracy and punished accordingly. With this obstacle removed, Velu Thampi regained his former influence.
Mutiny of the Nair troops
The armies of Travancore consisted mainly of members of the
Nair
The Nair (, ) also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as "not a unitary group but a named category of castes". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom hi ...
group of castes. Velu Thampi's 1804 proposal to reduce their allowances was met with immediate discontent. The troops believed that the idea had come from the British and immediately resolved to assassinate both Col. Macaulay and Velu Thampi. Velu Thampi fled again back to
Cochin
Kochi ( , ), formerly known as Cochin ( ), is a major port city along the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. The city is also commonly referred to as Ernaku ...
to seek refuge with Col. Macaulay. The Nairs marched to Trivandrum with a ten thousand strong army of sepoys and demanded that the Maharajah immediately dismiss the Dalawa and end any alliance with the British. Meanwhile, the Resident and the Dalawa collected forces at Cochin and, assisted by the Carnatic Brigade, marched to Trivandrum and put an end to the mutiny. Several of its leaders were executed in the most gruesome manner. One Krishna Pillai, a commander of a regiment, had his legs tied to two elephants which were then driven in opposite directions, tearing his body into two, in the presence of the Dalawa; even at that time, Krishna Pillai was riposting Velu Thambi's tuants with harsh criticism of his own against Thambi.
Alliance with the British
The Treaty signed with the British East India Company by the popular Maharajah
Dharma Raja Rama Varma in 1795 was revised in what is known as the Treaty of 1805 (according to the English East India Company's policy of "Subordinate Isolation") after the insurrection of the Nair troops in Travancore. It increased the British Indian force stationed in Travancore and the amount of money to be paid as tribute to the British, though the expenditure of the State in maintaining its own standing army was drastically cut. This was the main change brought about in the Treaty of 1805.
The state of affairs immediately prior to the war
The Tranvancore-British Alliance had started in 1730s when the British had supported Travancore against the Dutch during the
Travancore-Dutch War. This relationship had strengthened considerably during the
Mysorean invasion of Kerala, especially during the attack on the
Battle of the Nedumkotta which was used as a ''casus belli'' by the British against Mysore, since the action against Travancore breached the clauses of
Treaty of Mangalore
The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangaluru and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Background
Hyder Ali became dalwai Dalavayi of Mysore b ...
between Mysore and the British which had provided protection, thus leading to the
Third Anglo-Mysore War
The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792) was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, the Travancore, Kingdom of Travancore, the Maratha Empire, Maratha Confederacy, and the Nizam of Hyderabad ...
. The British forces marched on to Mysore in aid of Tranvancore and Tipu lost the war.
After the Mysore wars and the death of
Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (, , ''Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu''; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799) commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore", was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India. He was a pioneer of rocket artillery ...
, Travancore, owing to all its internal problems and external wars of the previous decades, found herself facing a serious financial crisis. The ratification of the Treaty with the British by Velu Thampi was intended to help Tranvancore improve its finances singnificantly, but the action created serious discontent as it increased the dependence of Travancore on the British and also made it indebted to the English Company. In spite of being fully aware of the financial crisis in Travancore, the Resident, Col. Macaulay, pressed Dalawa Velu Thampi for immediate payment of the large amount of the agreed war costs and the expenses of putting down the mutiny of the Nair troops. The Dalawa instigated the Majarajah to write to the Madras government requesting the recall of the Resident and appointment of a new Resident; this request was denied. But this action, perceived as ingratitude by Col. Macaulay who had twice saved Dalawa Thampi, irrevocably broke down the friendship between the former friends. The Resident pressurised the Dalawa for payments immediately.
The Dalawa was now also disillusioned with the British whom he had considered as friends and who considered any "aggression on Travancore as an aggression on themselves" as per the previous treaties. His frustruation materialised in the form of the assassination of the ambassador of the Resident in the Tranvancore court. The Maharajah, who by now also had reasons to be cautious of his Dalawa, had communicated his discontent with the Dalawa to this ambassador, a certain Sthanapathy Subba Iyer. This information was known to the
Maharajahs wife, Arumana Amma, a noblewomen of the Arumana Ammaveedu family. She was a lady of influence, who apparently communicated Royal secrets to the Dalawa, and she informed the Dalawa of the Maharajah's intention to dismiss him, with support from the Resident. This increased the anger of the Dalawa towards the British. He felt that the Resident, in addition to demanding impossible amounts of money, had now started interfering with the internal affairs of the state.. Following this, Subba Iyer, the envoy of the Resident, who had met up with the Dalawa for discussions, was found dead, ostensibly due to a snake bite.
At the same time, in the neighbouring
Kingdom of Cochin
The kingdom of Cochin or the Cochin State, named after its capital in the city of Kochi (Cochin), was a kingdom in the central part of present-day Kerala state. It originated in the early part of the 12th century and continued to rule until i ...
, Paliyath Govindan Achan, the powerful Dalawa of Cochin, was involved in deadly feuds of his own with some of the other Nair nobility of Cochin. He had the army commander-in-chief, along with a previous minister, seized and drowned in the river at Chanamangalom. He then attempted to kidnap and murder his rival and sworn enemy, the finance minister Nadavarampathu Kunju Krishna Menon. The Maharajah of Cochin was forced to give Nadavarampathu Kunju Krishna Menon refuge in his own palace at Vellarapilli and then sent for Col. Macaulay and requested him to protect Kunju Krishna Menon. Col. Macaulay took Kunju Krishna Menon to the British Residence at Cochin under his own protection. This act angered Paliyath Achan who then decided to kill not only Kunju Krishna Menon, but also his protector Col. Macaulay as well.
Insurrection
Velu Thampi Dalawa and the Paliath Achan, Govindan
Menon, met and decided on the extirpation of the British Resident and end of British supremacy in their respective states. Dalawa Velu Thampi organised recruits, strengthened forts and stored up ammunition while similar preparations was made by the Paliath Achan in
Cochin
Kochi ( , ), formerly known as Cochin ( ), is a major port city along the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. The city is also commonly referred to as Ernaku ...
. Velu Thampi appealed to the Zamorin of
Calicut
Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the City of Literature, UNESCO's Cities of Literature.
It is the nineteenth large ...
and to the French for assistance, but both did not acknowledge the request. The plan of the Paliath Achan and Velu Thampi was to join forces and attack the Fort of Cochin, storm the defences and murder the British Resident
Colin Macaulay
Colin Macaulay (13 April 1760 – 20 February 1836), was a Scottish general, biblical scholar and Abolitionism in the United Kingdom, key activist in the campaign to abolish slavery.
Early life
Macaulay was a son of the Rev. John Macaulay (1720 ...
and Kunju Krishna Menon. Under the leadership of Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai, troops from the garrisons at Alleppey, Alangad and Paravoor were transferred stealthily through the backwaters in covered boats to Kalvathy where they met up with four thousand of Paliyath Achan's followers.
On the night of 28 December 1808, this united force attacked the Resident's palace and overwhelmed the Indian guards and domestics, but due to the warning of a native domestic, the Resident and Kunju Krishna Menon managed to escape the attacking army and flee to a frigate, the ''HMS Piedmontese'', which had been anchored in Cochin harbour. Almost simultaneously, the rebels attacked the British garrison at Quilon on 30 December 1808, but were repulsed. Dissatisfied with the failure to capture or kill the Resident, as well as the failure at Quilon, Velu Thampi moved south from Cochin and on 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984 M.E.), he issued his famous Kundara Proclamation in which he exhorted the nation to throw out the British. He then organised another force to attack the British garrison at
Quilon
Kollam (;), is an ancient seaport and the fourth largest city in the Indian state of Kerala. Located on the southern tip of the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, the city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake and is 71 kilometers (44 mi) nort ...
and the
Battle of Quilon took place on 15 January 1809 in which Velu Thampi's force lost 15 guns and suffered many casualties.
Velu Thampi then sent a part of his force to launch another amphibious attack on the British garrison at Cochin, which was defended by Major Hewitt. On 18 January 1809, the rebel forces at Quilon were totally defeated when they attempted to storm the Quilon garrison. On 19 January 1809, the Cochin garrison, supported by the frigate ''HMS Piedmontese'', along with some boats manned by Nair soldiers loyal to Paliyath Achan's many rivals and enemies amongst the Cochin nobility, successfully repelled another amphibious attack on the Cochin garrison. On 30 January 1809, a small force of 3 military officers and 30 European soldiers, en route to Kochi, were captured and executed on the Dalawa's orders at Purakkad, even though one of the officers, Surgeon Hume, had treated Velu Thampi in the past. A sick lady, who was a member of this party, was permitted to travel unharmed to Cochin, since it was contrary to the laws of Travancore to kill women.
In the aftermath of the battle at Quilon, Velu Thampi moved to the southern border of Travancore to bolster the defence at Aramboly pass located at
Aralvaimozhi. The two mile long fortifications at the Aramboly pass were guarded by masonry walls and had around 50 artillery pieces covering the road from
Palayamkottai to defend it in the event of a frontal attack from that road. On 6 February 1809, a force under the Hon. Col. St. Leger marched from
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli (), also known as Trichy, is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli district. The city is credited with being the best livable and the cleanest city of T ...
and reached the fortified lines at Aramboly. On the morning of 10 February 1809, the British attacked the flanks of the fortified lines from the southern mountain and Velu Thampi fled from Aramboly. The British forces moved into the interior of Travancore on 17 February 1809, and were held up by Thampi's men who were entrenched in a fortified dugout in
Kottar
Kottar is a locality and a bazaar area of Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu state, in the southernmost part of Peninsular India; though a part of Nagercoil today, it is the original town around which the city of Nagercoil grew. It was an ancient trade cent ...
. These soldiers were routed by Col. McLeod and within a few days, the strategic forts of Udayagiri and Padmanabhapuram fell to the British without a fight. On hearing the news, the rebels at Quilon dispersed and Col. Chalmers approached Trivandrum from the North and the Hon. Col. St. Leger approached from the south, in a pincer movement.
Death of Velu Thampi
On hearing about the approach of the British forces, Velu Thampi fled from Trivandrum to
Kilimanoor
Kilimanoor is a panchayat and a town in the Varkala taluk of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala, India. It is located on Main central Road, MC/SH 1 Road, northwest of the city of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), east of Attingal and eas ...
and the Maharajah, who officially, hitherto, had stayed neutral, suddenly turned against Dalawa Thampi and denounced him. On 24 February 1809, the Hon. Col. St. Leger had a letter delivered to the Maharajah demanding the surrender of Dalawa Thambi. The Maharajah appointed one of his nobility, Marthandam Eravi Ummini Thampi, a sworn enemy of Velu Thampi, as the mediator between Travancore and the British. Ummini Thampi reached the British forces who were camped at Pappenamcode and conveyed the Maharajah's terms to them. A reward of 50,000 Travancore Rupees, a princely sum in those days, was offered for Velu Thampi's capture and both Travancore and British officers were deployed to find him. On 18 March 1809, the Maharajah appointed Ummuni Thampi as Dalawa with the blessings of the British. His officials tracked the former Dalawa Velu Thampi to the forests of Kunnathoor. Velu fled from there and took refuge with a priest at Mannadi. A shopkeeper noticed that a servant had some gold utensils on his person, and informed Dalawa Ummini Thampi's men. The servant, who was an employee of the former Dalawa's, was arrested by the new Dalawa's officials, who then elicited all the information from him regarding Velu Thampi. On hearing this, Velu Thampi and his brother Padmanabhan Thampi, fled to the Bhagavathy temple at Mannadi. There when the temple was surrounded by the would-be captors who demanded that he surrender to them, the former Dalawa Velu Thampi committed suicide . Velu Thampi's brother Padmanabhan Thampi was caught at the scene. The body of Velu Thampi was exposed in the gibbet at Kannammoola. Lord Minto, the then Governor General, strongly condemned this act, describing the act as "repugnant to the feelings of common humanity and the principles of a civilised government".
Aftermath of the rebellion
During the trial for the murder of prisoners on the 30 January 1809 at Purrakad beach, Padmanabhan Thampi was found guilty of complicity in the act and was hanged at Trivandrum on 10 April 1809. Dalawa Ummuni Thampi took a brutal revenge on the family of his sworn enemy Dalawa Velu Thampi by levelling their ancestral house to the ground and had most of Velu Thampi's family banished to the Maldives. Other leaders such as Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai were hanged at Quilon, Purakkad and Palthuruthee. The Paliyath Achan surrendered to the British and was exiled first to Madras and then to Benares where he died in 1835. His nemesis, Kunju Krishna Menon prospered and later became the Dalawa of Cochin; in the later years, one of his daughters married one of the Maharajahs of Travancore. Maharajah Balarama Varma died in 1810 and Maharani
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi took charge of the Kingdom first as Maharani and then as Queen Regent. Col. Macaulay retired in 1810 and left for Great Britain. Ummini Thampi Dalawa retired in 1811 and the then British resident, Col.
John Munro, 9th of Teaninich was appointed as Dalawa.
The
Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala (abbreviated as GoK), also known as the Kerala Government, is the administrative body responsible for governing the Indian States and territories of India, state of Kerala. The government is led by a chief minister, who ...
instituted a memorial to Dalawa Velu Thampi, a research centre, a museum, a park and a statue at Mannadi near
Adoor
Adoor is a Municipalities of Kerala, municipality in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, India. It is the headquarters of the List of taluks of Kerala, Adoor Taluk and Adoor Revenue Division. Adoor is located southwest of the district he ...
. Another statue of Velu Thampi Dalawa can be found in front of the Secretariat of Kerala in Trivandrum.
In popular culture
''
Veluthampi Dalawa'' is a 1962 Indian
Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...
-language film based on the life of the Dewan. Directed by G. Viswanath, it stars
Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair
N. Sreedharan Nair (11 September 1922 – 19 October 1986), popularly known as Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair or just Kottarakkara, was an Indian actor, born as the son of Narayana Pillai and Ummini Amma in Kollam district, Kerala. He appeared ...
in the titular role.
Honours
The sword that was used by Velu Thampi Dalawa in his fight against the British, was kept with the Kilimanoor royal family, for about 150 years. It was presented in 1957, to India's then president Rajendra Prasad by a member of the royal family. On 20 June 2010 it was brought back to Kerala and was placed in the Napier Museum (Art Museum)Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

A commemorative postage stamp on him was issued on 6 May 2010.
Notes
External links
Nangol Houses of Travancore
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thampi, Velu
Diwans of Travancore
History of Kollam
Malayali people
People from Kanyakumari district
1809 deaths
1765 births
18th-century Indian people
18th-century Indian politicians
19th-century Indian people
19th-century Indian politicians