Velama (caste)
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Velama are a
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
caste found mainly in
Telangana Telangana is a States and union territories of India, state in India situated in the Southern India, south-central part of the Indian subcontinent on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, ele ...
and AP. The term "Velama" was first recorded for the community in a
17th century The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC). It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized ...
inscription. The text "Velugoti Vari Vamsavali" documents the medieval military history of Velama rulers.


Origin and history

The Velamas have been identified by this name since the 17th century, although the poet
Srinatha Srinatha ( – 1441) was a well-known 15th-century Telugu poet who popularised the Prabandha style of composition. Biography Srinatha was born in a Telugu Brahmin family of Bharadwaja gotra in Kalapatam village on Gudur Mandal in Krishna dis ...
used the terms Velama and Padmanayaka separately in his early 15th-century text, ''Bhimeswara Puranamu''. Historian Cynthia Talbot notes, however, that while such terms were in use, the Velama identity as a consolidated caste category had not yet formed during the
Kakatiya The Kakatiya dynasty (IAST: Kākatīya) was a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries. Their territory comprised much of the present day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and p ...
period. According to her, caste labels like Velama and Padmanayaka did not denote closed kin groups at that time and only crystallized into distinct social identities in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Padmanayaka designation first appears in inscriptions around 1586 CE and was used by various Telugu warrior lineages of Telangana origin, including those with clan names like Recherla, Vipparla, and Inigela. These groups did not share a single ancestry but were united by military service under the Kakatiya dynasty and began to appropriate the Padmanayaka title as a mark of prestige. Members of the Recherla dynasty ruled parts of Telangana from the hill forts of Rachakonda (1335–1434 CE) and Devarakonda (1335–1475 CE). Following the
Bahmani The Bahmani Kingdom or the Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval Persianate kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India. The first independent Muslim sultanate of the Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellion o ...
conquest of Telangana, some members of this lineage migrated south and entered the service of the
Vijayanagara Empire The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Kingdom, was a late medieval Hinduism, Hindu empire that ruled much of southern India. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, belongi ...
as generals and administrators. They were granted the jagir of Velugodu in present-day Kurnool district and became known at court by the surname Velugoti. While Pamela Price describes these chiefs and their descendants, such as the Velugotis, as part of the Velama aristocracy, historian Cynthia Talbot notes that the Velama designation did not exist as a consolidated caste category during the time of the Recherla dynasty. Over time, the Velugoti dynasty established the Venkatagiri estate in the Nellore district, and its cadet branches later contributed to the founding of the princely states of
Pithapuram Pithapuram (also spelled as Pitapuram) is a Town and municipality in the Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh, India. With a history spanning over 1,500 years, it is one of the oldest towns in the state. Pitapuram served as the capital for vario ...
,
Bobbili Bobbili is a town in Vizianagaram district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Geography Bobbili is located at . It has an average elevation of 103 metres (337 feet). History The town of Bobbili was founded during the 17th c ...
, and Jatprole in the early 17th century. Within the genealogical tradition of the ''Velugotivari Vamsavali'', the Velugoti family claimed descent from the Recherla Nayakas and identified themselves as both Padmanayakas and Velamas. Talbot notes that such genealogies were composed over long periods by family bards and were shaped more by oral memory and political motives than by direct historical accuracy. She also points out that the term Velama appears only once in Kakatiya-era sources, where it referred to a collective of agriculturists rather than warriors. Despite this, by the 17th century, ruling families of Venkatagiri, Bobbili, Pithapuram, and Jatprole had adopted the Velama identity. A 1613 CE inscription even refers to one individual as a Padmanayaka and another as a Velama, indicating that these identities remained distinct for a time. Literary sources like the ''Bhimesvara Purāṇamu'' also listed them as separate communities. During the same period, some Velama chieftains became prominent under the
Golconda Golconda is a fortified citadel and ruined city located on the western outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The fort was originally built by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in the 11th century out of mud walls. It was ceded to the Bahmani ...
Sultanate as zamindars. The sultanate used a rank-based system to differentiate Velama groups by their military and administrative service, which fostered rivalries among them. Among the notable Velama lineages under Golconda rule were the Meka dynasty Appa Raos of
Nuzvid Nuzvid, natively spelled Nuzividu or Nuziveedu is a city in the Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It serves as the administrative headquarters for Nuzvid mandal and Nuzvid revenue division. Geography Nuzvid is located at . ...
and the Malraju clan of
Narasaraopet Narasaraopeta is a city and district headquarters of Palnadu District of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The town is a municipality and mandal headquarters of Narasaraopet mandal and Headquarters of Narasaraopet revenue division. The town a ...
. The Velugoti and Appa Rao families, in particular, claimed royal status, while other significant lineages included the Pithapuram Raos and the Ranga Raos of Bobbili. Eventually, the Padmanayaka identity was absorbed into the broader Velama caste label, which had by then gained considerable prestige through associations with martial valor and Kakatiya-era loyalty. According to a tradition recorded by Subba Rao in the early 20th century, Padmanayakas were originally Kapus (agriculturalists) who became Velamas and later gained Padmanayaka status through military service to the Kakatiya state. Talbot concludes that caste identities like Velama were shaped not by fixed bloodlines but by evolving social memory, constructed genealogies, and retrospective claims to Kakatiya political legitimacy. Because the Kakatiyas came to symbolize the origins of the Telugu warrior class, political elites in later centuries continued to assert genealogical links to them well into the British colonial period. In addition to the Velugotis, Velama lords of
Bobbili Bobbili is a town in Vizianagaram district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Geography Bobbili is located at . It has an average elevation of 103 metres (337 feet). History The town of Bobbili was founded during the 17th c ...
,
Pithapuram Pithapuram (also spelled as Pitapuram) is a Town and municipality in the Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh, India. With a history spanning over 1,500 years, it is one of the oldest towns in the state. Pitapuram served as the capital for vario ...
, and Jatprole also traced their lineage to the Kakatiya era. Similar claims were made by the chiefs of Paloncha in present-day
Khammam district Khammam district is a district in the eastern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The city of Khammam is the district headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Suryapet district, Suryapet, Mahabubabad district, Mahabubabad, Bhadra ...
and the Vipparla family of
Nuzvid Nuzvid, natively spelled Nuzividu or Nuziveedu is a city in the Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It serves as the administrative headquarters for Nuzvid mandal and Nuzvid revenue division. Geography Nuzvid is located at . ...
. The Damarla chiefs of southern Andhra even submitted a genealogy to the early 19th-century Mackenzie Collection, asserting that one of their ancestors had served Kakatiya king Prataparudra—a claim that historian Cynthia Talbot considers unlikely, as the Damarlas do not appear in historical records prior to the early 17th century. The Velugoti family continued to trace its origins to the Recherla chiefs of the 12th and 13th centuries and resided in multiple regions—Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Velugodu, and North Mallur (now part of Chittoor district)—before settling in Nellore in 1695. By the 19th century, their status was so prominent that they were often chosen as adoptive heirs by rival Velama branches such as the Pithapuram and Bobbili Ranga Raos, especially when direct male lineages became extinct. These adoptions further consolidated the political influence of the Velugoti family across the Telugu-speaking region.


Modern Community

Velamas are
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
s, primarily belonging to the
Vaishnavism Vaishnavism () ), also called Vishnuism, is one of the major Hindu denominations, Hindu traditions, that considers Vishnu as the sole Para Brahman, supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, that is, ''Mahavishnu''. It is one of the majo ...
denomination.


Dynasties and Estates

* Kalahasti Nayakas * Bobbili Estate * Venkatgiri Estate *
Pithapuram Estate Pithapuram Zamindari was a Zamindari in the East Godavari district of Madras Presidency. In 1802, Pithapuram was overshadowed by the renowned Peddapuram estate. But, in 1843, all other villages of Peddapuram were lost except Kottam and they wer ...
*
Nuzvid Estate Nuzvid Zamindari is one of the ancient Zamindari of the Madras Presidency. It comprises nearly about 288 villages or 18 paraganas. It pays a peskash of 95,443/-. It is further divided into Vuyyuru, Mirzapuram, Kapileswarapuram and other estate ...
*Narasaraopet Zamindari *Jetprole Samasthanam


Notable People

* K. Chandrashekar Rao, Former
Chief Minister of Telangana The chief minister of Telangana is the chief executive of the Indian state of Telangana. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's ''de jure'' head, but '' de facto'' executive authority rests with the chief minist ...


References


Further reading

* * * Katten, Michael; Making Caste In Nineteenth-Century India: A History of Telling the Bobbili Katha & Velama Identity, University of California at Berkeley, USA * Roghair, Gene H; 1982, The epic of Palnadu: a study and translation of Palnati virula katha, a Telugu oral tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India, Oxford University Press * * {{Authority control Indian castes Social groups of Telangana Social groups of Andhra Pradesh South Indian communities