The

Uzbek language Uzbek is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks. It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai, an earlier Karluk language endonymically called or , as the literary language of Uzbekistan in the 19 ...

has been written in various scripts:

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

Cyrillic The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Ea ...

and

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

. The language traditionally used Arabic script, but the official Uzbek government under the Soviet Union started to use Cyrillic in 1940, which is when widespread literacy campaigns were initiated by the Soviet government across the Union. In 1992, Latin script was officially reintroduced in

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

along with Cyrillic. In the

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

region of China, some Uzbek speakers write using Cyrillic, others with an alphabet based on the

Uyghur Arabic alphabet The Uyghur Arabic alphabet () is a version of the Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets and has been the official alphabet ...

. Uzbeks of

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

also write the language using

Arabic script The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic (Arabic alphabet) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin script), the second-most widel ...

, and the Arabic Uzbek alphabet is taught at some schools.

History

Arabic script

Like all

Turkic languages The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic langua ...

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

and its literary predecessor Chagatai, Uzbek was written in various forms of the

historically. Following the

Russian revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...

and Soviet takeover of

Russian Turkestan Russian Turkestan () was a colony of the Russian Empire, located in the western portion of the Central Asian region of Turkestan. Administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship, it comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, b ...

, in January 1921, a reformed Arabic orthography designed by the

Jadidist The Jadid movement or Jadidism was an Turco-Islamic modernist political, religious, and cultural movement in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. They normally referred to themselves by the Tatar terms ''Taraqqiparvarlar ...

s was adopted, which replaced the

harakat The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include consonant pointing known as (, ), and supplementary diacritics known as (, ). The latter include the vowel marks termed (, ; , ', ). The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where all ...

marks used for short vowels with a fully alphabetic system that indicated every vowel and removed all letters that occurred only in Arabic loanwords and did not have a distinct phonetic value. It had six vowels and twenty-three consonants. Notably, unlike the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets that followed, it did not contain a letter to represent /f/, due to the argument that it was always assimilated to /p/ in the orthophony. Some had also proposed that there be no letter to represent /h/, due to many dialects assimilating it to /x/, but this was not implemented in the end. The Arabic script is still used for writing Uzbek in Afghanistan and by Afghan-Uzbek diaspora elsewhere. In the early 21st century, with the publication of dictionariesUzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق
Archive
and literature by Afghan-Uzbek scholars, as well as the adaptation of Uzbek Arabic script by domestic as well as international news outlets (just lik
BBC News Uzbek Afghanistan
an
TRT Afghani Uzbek
, the Arabic script has undergone a process of documentation and standardization.

Latin script

The question of the transition of the Uzbek language to the Latin alphabet was raised back in 1920. In January 1921, it was discussed at the regional congress in Tashkent, but then supporters of romanization did not receive approval from numerous adherents of reforming the Arabic script. This issue was raised for the second time in 1926 at the First Turkic Congress in Baku. At this congress, the transition of all Turkic languages of the peoples of the USSR to the new Latin alphabet,

Yañalif The New Turkic Alphabet or Yañalif ( Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif, , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet"), is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic ...

was approved. To implement the transition to the Latin alphabet, the New Alphabet Committee was created under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of the Uzbek SSR. Various projects for the new alphabet were widely discussed on the pages of the press, various meetings, meetings, and conferences. Significant discussion flared up on the issue of displaying synharmonism in writing; As a result, it was decided to display synharmonism in writing, for which 9 letters were introduced into the alphabet to display vowels. In 1929, as part of comprehensive programs to "

educate Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also fol ...

" (politically influence)

Uzbek people The Uzbeks () are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, being among the largest Turkic ethnic groups in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority ...

, who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing in the

Uzbek SSR The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (, ), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, UzSSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist P ...

was switched to Latin script. The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of latinization of all languages in the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

. The new Latin script also brought about the letter to represent /f/ and distinction of back and front vowels, adding a number of new characters for them. At the Republican Spelling Conference in Samarkand, held in May 1929, a new Uzbek alphabet of 34 characters was approved: In 1934, the script underwent another reform, which reverted the addition of back-front vowel distinctions. The letters Ө ө, Y y, Ь ь were removed from the alphabet, while the letter Ə ə had its usage reduced, being primarily replaced by A a. This reform simplified Uzbek spelling, but did not solve all its problems. In this regard, in 1937, a team of scientists under the leadership of A.K. Borovkov began to develop a new version of the Uzbek alphabet and spelling. The alphabet compiled by this team had the following order: A a, B b, V v, G g, D d, E e, Ƶ ƶ, Z z, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Å å, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, F f, X x, C c, Ş ş, Ç ç, Q q, Ƣ ƣ, H h, Ꞑ ꞑ. However, at this time the Cyrillization process was already gaining momentum in the USSR, which made the reform of the Latinized alphabet irrelevant.

Cyrillic script

In 1939, a commission was created at the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Uzbek SSR to develop the Uzbek alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This commission developed an alphabet that included all 33 letters of the

Russian alphabet The Russian alphabet (, or , more traditionally) is the script used to write the Russian language. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters: twenty consonants (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ), ten vowels (, , , , , , , , , ) ...

, as well as six additional characters Ң ң, Ҷ ҷ, Ө ө, Қ қ, Ƶ ƶ, Ҳ ҳ and an apostrophe. However, this project was heavily criticized by linguists and educators for its cumbersomeness and the presence of extra letters. Most critics proposed eliminating the letters Щ щ and Ы ы from the alphabet. Some considered it necessary to also exclude the letters Е е, Ё ё, Ц ц, Ю ю, Я я. It was proposed to take the letter A a for the sound � and to use Ə ə for � In addition to the main project of the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet, a number of others were proposed: In 1940, Uzbek was

switched Switched may refer to: * Switched (band) Switched (previously depicted as Sw1tched) was an American nu metal band from Cleveland, Ohio. History Forming in 1999 as Sw1tch, the band played shows around Ohio and released a demo entitled ''Fu ...

to the

Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, Mongolic, Uralic languages, Uralic, C ...

under

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...

: The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, apart from Щ and Ы, plus four extra ones, namely Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ. These four letters are considered as separate letters and not letter variants. They come in alphabetical order after the letter Я. The letters Ц and Ь are not used in Uzbek native words, but are included in the alphabet for writing loanwords, e. g. кальций (calcium). However, Щ and Ы are not included, so they are replaced by ШЧ and И in loanwords and names from Russian, e. g. the Russian surnames Щедрин (Shchedrin) and Быков (Bykov) are rendered Шчедрин and Биков in Uzbek Cyrillic. Despite further reforms, this alphabet is still in use both in Uzbekistan and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan).

Modern Latin alphabet

Until 1992, Uzbek in the USSR continued to be written using a

Cyrillic alphabet The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Easte ...

almost exclusively, but now in Uzbekistan the

Latin script The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia. The Gree ...

has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time

Islam Karimov Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov (30 January 1938 – 2 September 2016) was an Uzbek politician who served as the first president of Uzbekistan, from the country's independence in 1991 until his death in 2016. He was the last First Secretary of the ...

proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with ⟨c⟩ /ts/, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ğ⟩, ⟨ ɉ⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ş⟩, until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. The letter J with stroke is said to have been the equivalent of Cyrillic letter

Zhje Zhje or Zhe with descender (Җ җ; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Zhe (Ж ж ) with an addition of a descender on its right leg. Usage Zhje is used in the alphabets o ...

. The order of the first Latin alphabet post-independence was as follows: A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ç ç, Ğ ğ, Ɉ ɉ, Ñ ñ, Ö ö, Ş ş, ʼ. Education in many areas of Uzbekistan is in the Latin script, and in 2001 the Latin script began to be used on

coins A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by ...

. Since 2004, some official websites have switched over to using the Latin script when writing in Uzbek. Most street signs are also in the new Latin script. The main national TV channel of Uzbekistan, Oʻzbekiston Telekanali (owned by MTRK), has also switched to the Latin script when writing in Uzbek, although news programs are still broadcast in Cyrillic script (compare with another TV channel owned by the same company, Yoshlar, which broadcasts news programs in Latin script). Additionally, in Afghanistan Uzbek continues to be written in the Arabic script. In 2018, the Uzbek government launched another reform effort for the Uzbek Latin alphabet. The new proposal called for replacing some digraphs with diacritical signs. In March 2021, the proposed changes were put up for public discussion and debate. They called for replacing Ch ch, Sh sh, Gʻ gʻ, Oʻ oʻ with Ç ç, Ş ş, Ḡ ḡ, Ō ō (and, in loans, Ts ts with C c). This would largely reverse the 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of Turkish, Turkmen, Karakalpak, Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani. This was met with mixed reactions from the citizens. The proposal was put up again for discussion in May of the same year, this time with a deadline of 1 November 2021. In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023. Similar deadlines had been extended several times. Generally the younger generation prefers to use the Latin alphabet, while the older generation, who grew up in the Soviet era, prefers the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin alphabet is mainly used in business and tourism, and the Cyrillic alphabet is mainly used in official government documents. According to a report in 2023, Uzbek publishing houses still mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet. In September 2023, linguists proposed another project for reform of the Latin alphabet. Thus, in the new alphabet it is proposed to modify four letters: Ў/ў, Ғ/ғ, Ч/ч, & Ш/ш respectively to Õ/õ, Ğ/ğ, C/c, Ş/ş. This is the third attempt to reform the Uzbek alphabet since 2018. {, class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" , + Alphabet reform projects between 2018 and 2023 , - !Sound ! Current
alphabet !! November 2018 !! May 2019 !! March 2021 !! November 2021 !! September 2023 , - , /o/ , Oʻ oʻ , , Ŏ ŏ , , Ó ó , , colspan=2, Ō ō , , Õ õ , - , /ʁ/ , Gʻ gʻ , , Ğ ğ , , Ǵ ǵ , , Ḡ ḡ , , colspan=2, Ğ ğ , - , /ʃ/ , Sh sh , , colspan=5, Ş ş , - , /t͡ʃ/ , Ch ch , , colspan=4, Ç ç , , C c , - , /ŋ/ , Ng ng , , colspan=3, no change , , Ñ ñ , , no change , - , /t͡s/ , Ts ts , , no change , , C c , , colspan=3, no change

Alphabetical order

The current (1995) Uzbek Latin alphabet has 29 letters: {, class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; width: 100%;" , + style="font-size: 110%;" , Uzbek alphabet , - , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , 9, , 10, , 11, , 12, , 13, , 14, , 15, , 16, , 17, , 18, , 19 , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , 27, , 28, , 29 , - , bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" , Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) , - , A, , B, , D, , E, , F, , G, , H, , I, , J, , K, , L, , M, , N, , O, , P, , Q, , R, , S, , T , U, , V, , X, , Y, , Z, , Oʻ, ,

Gʻ Gʻ ( g with turned comma above right; minuscule: gʻ) is the 26th letter of the Uzbek Latin alphabet, representing the voiced uvular fricative , like the French r in "rouge". It was adopted in the revision of the alphabet, replacing Ğ. It w ...

, , Sh, , Ch, , Ng , - , bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" , Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) , - , a, , b, , d, , e, , f, , g, , h, , i, , j, , k, , l, , m, , n, , o, , p, , q, , r, , s, , t , u, , v, , x, , y, , z, , oʻ, , gʻ, , sh, , ch, , ng The symbol ⟨‘⟩ does not constitute a separate letter.

Correspondence chart

Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds. Note that in Arabic script, vowel-initial words begin with a silent ا (traditional alphabet; may be replaced with an etymological ع in loans) or with a silent ئ (Yangi Imlo alphabet). {, class="wikitable sortable" , - ! Latin1995 orthography !Yañalif (1929–1934) ! Yañalif (1934–1940) ! Cyrillic equivalent ! Name !Yangi Imlo ! Arabic !

IPA IPA commonly refers to: * International Phonetic Alphabet, a system of phonetic notation ** International Phonetic Association, the organization behind the alphabet * India pale ale, a style of beer * Isopropyl alcohol, a chemical compound IPA ...

! English approximation , - , rowspan="2" , A a , A a �, rowspan="2" , A a , rowspan="2" , А а , rowspan="2" , a , rowspan="2" , عە ,ئە and عا ,ئا , rowspan="2" , (final ه) , rowspan="2" , ~ , rowspan="2" , chai, cat , - , Ə ə �, - , B b , colspan="2" , B ʙ , Б б , be , ب , ب , , align="left" , bat , - , D d , colspan="2" , D d , Д д , de , د , د , , align="left" , den , - , E e , colspan="2" , E e , Э э / Е е , e , ې , ې , Cyrillic "Е е" at the beginning of a word and after a vowel is "Ye ye" in Latin. , align="left" , bet , - , F f , colspan="2" , F f , Ф ф , ef , ف , ف , , align="left" , fish , - , G g , colspan="2" , G g , Г г , ge , گ , گ , , align="left" , go , - , H h , colspan="2" , H h , Ҳ ҳ , ha , ھ and ح , ھ and ح , , align="left" , house , - , rowspan="2" , I i , I i , rowspan="2" , I i , rowspan="2" , И и , rowspan="2" , i , rowspan="2" , ئ ,ى and ي , rowspan="2" , ی , rowspan="2" , , rowspan="2" , me , - , Ь ь �, - , rowspan="2" , J j , colspan="2" , Ç ç , rowspan="2" , Ж ж , rowspan="2" , je , ج , ج , , align="left" , joke , - , colspan="2" , Ƶ ƶ , ژ , ژ , In Russian borrowings. , vision , - , K k , colspan="2" , K k , К к , ka , ك , ک , , align="left" , cold , - , L l , colspan="2" , L l , Л л , el , ل , ل , , align="left" , list , - , M m , colspan="2" , M m , М м , em , م , م , , align="left" , man , - , N n , colspan="2" , N n , Н н , en , ن , ن , , align="left" , next , - , O o , colspan="2" , A a , О о , o , ئا , ا (initial آ) , , align="left" , hot, call (

Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation (RP) is the Accent (sociolinguistics), accent of British English regarded as the Standard language, standard one, carrying the highest Prestige (sociolinguistics), social prestige, since as late as the beginning of the 2 ...

) , - , P p , colspan="2" , P p , П п , pe , پ , پ , , align="left" , pin , - , Q q , colspan="2" , Q q , Қ қ , qa , ق , ق , , In some words written with the letter "q", the sound has now changed to /χ/, such as oʻquvchi ˈχuv.tʃi"pupil" and haqiqiy æχiˈχiː"real". There is no regular sound change law regarding when this process occurs. , align="left" , like a "k", but further back in the throat , - , R r , colspan="2" , R r , Р р , er , ر , ر , , align="left" , (trilled) rat , - , S s , colspan="2" , S s , С с , es , س , ث and س and ص , , align="left" , sick , - , T t , colspan="2" , T t , Т т , te , ت , ت and ط , , align="left" , toe , - , rowspan="2" , U u , U u , rowspan="2" , U u , rowspan="2" , У у , rowspan="2" , u , rowspan="2" , ۇ , rowspan="2" , و , rowspan="2" , , rowspan="2" , put, choose , - , Y y �, - , V v , colspan="2" , V v , В в , ve , ۋ , ۋ , ~ , align="left" , van , - , X x , colspan="2" , X x , Х х , xa , خ , خ , , align="left" , "ch" as in German "Bach" or Scottish "loch" , - , Y y , colspan="2" , J j , Й й , ye , ي , ی , , align="left" , yes , - , Z z , colspan="2" , Z z , З з , ze , ز , ذ and ز and ض and ظ , , align="left" , zebra , - , rowspan="2" , Oʻ oʻ , O o , rowspan="2" , O o , rowspan="2" , Ў ў , rowspan="2" , oʻ , rowspan="2" , و , rowspan="2" , ۉ , rowspan="2" , , rowspan="2" , row , - , Ө ө �, - , Gʻ gʻ , colspan="2" , Ƣ ƣ , Ғ ғ , gʻa , غ , غ , , align="left" , like a French or German "r" , - , Sh sh , colspan="2" , Ş ş , Ш ш , sha , ش , ش , , align="left" , shoe , - , Ch ch , colspan="2" , C c , Ч ч , che , چ , چ , , align="left" , chew , - , Ng ng , colspan="2" , Ꞑ ꞑ , Нг нг , nge , ڭ or نگ , نگ , , align="left" , king , - , ʼ , ʼ (məʼlym) , ʼ (maʼlum) , ъ , tutuq belgisi (ʼ) ("apostrophe"); ayirish/ajratish belgisi (ъ) , ع , ء / أ / ؤ / ئ and ع , , align="left" , Both "ʼ" () and "ъ" () are used either (1) to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or (2) to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel (ʼ) is also used to indicate that the letters "s" and "h" should be pronounced separately, not as the digraph "sh" in Latin. For example, in the name (''Исҳоқ'') "s" and "h" are pronounced separately. The Cyrillic letters Ё ё, Ю ю, Я я correspond to the sound combinations yo, yu, ya. The Cyrillic letters Ц ц and ь (capital Ь occurs only in all-capitals writing), called and respectively, are used only in loanwords. In the modern Uzbek Latin alphabet ц becomes ts after vowels, s otherwise; ь is omitted (except ье, ьи, ьо, that become ye, yi, yo). The letters ''c'' (apart from the digraph ''ch'') and ''w'', not considered distinct letters of the Uzbek alphabet, are named and respectively. In mathematics, ''x, y, z'' are named . ;Notes

Distinct characters

When the

is written using the Latin script, the letters Oʻ (Cyrillic Ў) and Gʻ (Cyrillic Ғ) are properly rendered using the character , which is also known as the ʻokina. However, since this character is absent from most keyboard layouts (except for the Hawaiian keyboard in Windows 8, or above, computers) and many fonts, most Uzbek websites – including some operated by the Uzbek government – use either or to represent these letters. The character (''tutuq belgisi'') is used to mark the phonetic

glottal stop The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many Speech communication, spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic ...

when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in ''sanʼat'' (art). The modifier letter apostrophe is also used to mark a

long vowel In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived or actual duration of a vowel sound when pronounced. Vowels perceived as shorter are often called short vowels and those perceived as longer called long vowels. On one hand, many languages do not d ...

when placed immediately after a vowel, as in ''maʼno'' (meaning)."Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language", the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339. Adopted on August 24, 1995. Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Since this character is also absent from most keyboard layouts, many Uzbek websites use or instead. Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only the straight apostrophe.

Sample of the scripts

Article 1 of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...

: {, class="wikitable" !Uzbek in Latin script
!Uzbek in Cyrillic script !Uzbek in Arabic script !Uzbek in Yangi imlo
, - , , , dir="rtl" , , dir="rtl" , , - !Uzbek in Yangalif
!Uzbek in Yangalif
!Uzbek in the

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation ...

!English translation , - , ''Barca adamlar erkin, qadr-qьmmat və huquqlarda teꞑ ʙolьʙ tuƣьladьlar. Ular aql və vьçdan sahьʙьdьrlar və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamala qьlьşlarь zəryr.'' , , [baɾˈtʃʰa ɒd̪amˈlaɾ eɾˈkʰin qaˈd̪ɯɾ qɯmˈmat̪ ʋa hŭquqlaɾˈd̪a t̪ʰeŋ bɵˈlɯp t̪ʰuʁɯlad̪iˈlaɾ ‖ uˈlaɾ aˈqɯ̆l ʋa ʋi(d)ʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɯbɯdɯɾˈlaɾ ʋa bɯɾ bɯɾlaˈɾɯ iˈla bɯɾɒdaɾlaɾˈtʃʰa muɒmaˈla qɯlɯʃlaˈɾɯ zaˈɾuɾ ‖] , All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

External links

Uzbek: extended Latin and Cyrillic

Saida Mirzoyoyeva on Uzbek alphabet reform: ‘We should make final decision'

Буквы преткновения: Затянувшаяся на 30 лет реформа узбекского алфавита (The letters of stumbling: The reform of the Uzbek alphabet, which has dragged on for 30 years)
{{Arabic alphabets Alphabets used by Turkic languages Cyrillic alphabets Latin alphabets Uzbek language Arabic alphabets