Urzhin Garmaevich Garmaev (; 1888 – 13 March 1947) was a

White Army The White Army, also known as the White Guard, the White Guardsmen, or simply the Whites, was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and Anti-Sovietism, anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War. T ...

officer,

lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ...

of the

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

-controlled

Manchukuo Manchukuo, officially known as the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Great Manchuria thereafter, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. It was ostens ...

Imperial Army and general of Japanese Imperial Army. He was also the headmaster of the Xing'an Military School.

Biography

Urzhin Garmaevich Garmaev was born in 1888 in

Nerchinsky District Nerchinsky District () is an administrativeRegistry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities and municipalLaw #316-ZZK district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the center o ...

of Transbaikal Oblast,

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

. An ethnic Buryat, in 1912 he graduated from the Chita municipal school and worked as a

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

and

Buryat language Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a lan ...

teacher in Buryat settlements.

Russian Civil War

After the

Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...

in 1917, he became an opponent of the Bolsheviks. In the summer of 1918, Garmaev took part in recruiting and mustering of regiments from among the Buryat population for the Cossack Ataman Grigory Semyonov. In September 1918, the Japanese army occupied parts of Transbaikal region in an effort to help the White movement. In April 1919, Garmaev graduated from a military school and received the rank of

praporshchik (, , ) is a rank used by the Russian Armed Forces and a number of former communist states. The rank is a non-commissioned officer's and is equivalent to in the corresponding navies. It is usually equivalent to warrant officer class 1 or serge ...

(a junior officer rank in Imperial Russia), after which he served in the 1st Buryat-Mongolian Regiment. In early 1920, Ataman Semyonov sent Garmaev on an important task to enter

Outer Mongolia Outer Mongolia was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained ''de facto'' ...

with a cavalry division and to establish an independent Mongolian state on the territory of

Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. However, the division has been destroyed by the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

later that year.

Emigration to Manchuria and World War II

In 1920, the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

reestablished control over Eastern Siberia. Urzhin Garmaev with his family and subordinates fled to

Manchuria Manchuria is a historical region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China and parts of the modern-day Russian Far East south of the Uda (Khabarovsk Krai), Uda River and the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy Ranges. The exact ...

, and settled in what is present-day

Evenk Autonomous Banner Ewenki Autonomous Banner or Evenk Autonomous Banner ( Evenki: ; Mongolian: ; zh, s=鄂温克族自治旗) is an autonomous banner that lies on the border between northwestern Greater Khingan and Hulun Buir grasslands and directly south of the ...

some 30 km south of

Hailar Hailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban District (China), district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administr ...

. Here he maintained contacts with opponents of the Soviet regime and cooperated with Japanese intelligence. At the same time, he propagated the idea of creation of a unified Pan-Mongolian state. In 1931, Japan attacked China and occupied Manchuria and created the puppet-state of

. The Japanese offered Garmaev to recruit Buryat-Mongolian troops. He agreed and the Manchukuo War Department appointed him as a Commander of Northern Xing'an Security Forces (興安北省警備軍司令官) with a rank of major general. His troops were guarding the border with the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

and the

Mongolian People's Republic The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia. Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of Republic of China (1912� ...

. In January 1935, during the Khalkhyn Temple border incident, Urjin with his troops was dispatched to the site. When the Manzhouli meeting to solve the border issue was subsequently held, Urjin also participated as a deputy of the Manchukuo delegation.田中（2009年）、99頁。 In April 1936, the chief deputy of the Manchukuo delegation Ling Sheng (凌陞) was tried and executed for treason by

Kempeitai The , , was the military police of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). The organization also shared civilian secret police that specialized in clandestine and covert operation, counterinsurgency, counterintelligence, HUMINT, interrogated suspects ...

. As a deputy during the conference, Urjin Garmaev also became a suspect, however, after a 5-minute interrogation by Manchukuo top-adviser

Sasaki Tōichi Lieutenant General was a Japanese soldier who served in the Imperial Japanese Army. He was known as an expert on Chinese affairs, had close relationships with leading figures in the Kuomintang (KMT)'s National Revolutionary Army during the 19 ...

he was cleared of all charges and released.北警備軍顧問の寺田利光大佐はウルジンの助命のために奔走していた。田中（2009年）、114-115頁。牧南（2004年）、41頁。 During the second conference on the border conflict issue, Urjin Garmaev became the chief Manchukuo representative.田中（2009年）、117頁。 Urzhin Garmaev and his Northern Xing'an Security Forces of the 10th Military District also participated in the

Nomonhan Incident The Battles of Khalkhin Gol (; ) were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts involving the Soviet Union, Mongolian People's Republic, Mongolia, Empire of Japan, Japan and Manchukuo in 1939. The conflict wa ...

, placed on the right flank of the Japanese 23rd Division. For his bravery in the battle, he was awarded a prize of ten thousand yen. In 1940, Garmaev was appointed commander of the 10th Army Military District of Manchukuo,田中（2009年）、99頁。 and promoted to lieutenant general. His forces actively engaged in preparations for war with the Soviet Union and struggled with Soviet and Mongolian intelligence officers at the border. In December 1944, Garmaev was dismissed from his post as commander of the Military District due to the fact that he did not have the academic military education. In early 1945, Garmaev took office as the head of Xing'an Military School (陸軍興安学校) in Wangyehmiao.牧南（2004年）、183-184頁。 On 9 August the

declared war on Japan and the

destroyed the

Manchukuo Imperial Army The Manchukuo Imperial Army ( zh, s=滿洲國軍, p=Mǎnzhōuguó jūn) was the army of Manchukuo, a puppet state established by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria. Established in 1932, it was primarily involved in counterinsurgency operations agai ...

and Japanese

Kwantung Army The Kwantung Army (Japanese language, Japanese: 関東軍, ''Kantō-gun'') was a Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army, general army of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1919 to 1945. The Kwantung Army was formed in 1906 as a security force for th ...

in a short time during the

Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation () and sometimes Operation August Storm, began on 9 August 1945 with the Soviet invasion of the Empire of Japan's ...

Surrender and death

On 31 August, Urzhin Garmaev voluntarily surrendered to the Red Army in Xinjing. Convicted by the

Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union () was created in 1924 by the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union as a court for the higher military and political personnel of the Red Army and Fleet. In addition it was an immedia ...

as a counterrevolutionary element, he was shot on 13 March 1947 in

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

. On 23 June 1992, Garmaev was rehabilitated by the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation.田中（2009年）、113頁。

Family

*Father - Garman Budaev *Wife - Madyk Davaeva *Son - Dashinima; 1945 College student government officials in Changchun; currently lives in

Ulan Bator Ulaanbaatar is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. It has a population of 1.6 million, and it is the coldest capital city in the world by average yearly temperature. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an ...

*Daughter - Sandzhidma (b. 1937), until 1992 lived in China, then moved to Russia. Her two daughters, four grandchildren and one great-grandchild currently live in

Ulan-Ude Ulan-Ude (; , ; , ) is the capital city of Buryatia, Russia, located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River, Buryatia, Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga River, Selenga. According to the Russian Census (2021), 2021 Census, 43 ...

. *Brother - Garmaev Daza *Sister - Symzhit. All in 1945 lived in Tumet-khoshuns Southern Khingan Province (Manchuria).

References

Sources

* 田中克彦『ノモンハン戦争―モンゴルと満洲国』岩波書店〈岩波新書〉、2009年。 * 牧南恭子『五千日の軍隊―満洲国軍の軍官たち』創林社、2004年。 * Б.В.Базаров. Генерал-лейтенант Маньчжоу-Го Уржин Гармаев. – Улан-Удэ: Изд-во БНЦ СО РАН, 2001. – 37 с.

External links

ПАДЕНИЕ ГЕНЕРАЛА ГАРМАЕВА

Два генералаТакой неоднозначный Уржин ГармаевОб офицере двух армий
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garmaev, Urzhin 1888 births 1947 deaths People from Buryatia People from Transbaikal Oblast People of the Russian Civil War White Russian emigrants to China Educators from the Russian Empire 20th century in Manchuria Military personnel of the Second Sino-Japanese War Generals of Manchukuo History of Zabaykalsky Krai Executed military leaders Executed White Russian collaborators with Imperial Japan Buryat people People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm