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''Urophora cardui'' or the Canada thistle gall fly is a
fruit fly Fruit fly may refer to: Organisms * Drosophilidae, a family of small flies, including: ** ''Drosophila'', the genus of small fruit flies and vinegar flies ** ''Drosophila melanogaster'' or common fruit fly ** '' Drosophila suzukii'' or Asian fruit ...
which, contrary to its common name, is indigenous to
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from the
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east to near the
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, and from Sweden south to the
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.


Distribution

The Canada thistle gall fly has been introduced to North America from Europe to control the population of its host plant, Canada, or creeping thistle, which is an invasive, introduced weed in North America.


Life cycle

The fly starts life as an egg, one to thirty of which are laid on the stems of its host plant, the Canada or creeping thistle (''
Cirsium arvense ''Cirsium arvense'' is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced elsewhere.Joint Nature Conservation Committee''Cirsium arvense'' The standa ...
''), during the host's growing season. After hatching, the
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...
e burrow into the stem and form a
gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external Tissue (biology), tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissu ...
(or swelling). The larvae grow to reach 98% of their full adult body weight, and overwinter in the gall in the third larval stage (instar). They
pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...
te in early spring for 24 to 35 days and appear reddish brown. The adult fly then chews a tunnel and escapes from the gall.


References


External links

*
BugGuide
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1128552 Urophora Diptera of North America Diptera of Europe Diptera used as pest control agents Gall-inducing insects Insects described in 1758 Insects used for control of invasive plants Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus