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Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD) and Unspecified dissociative disorder are two diagnostic categories for
dissociative disorder Dissociative disorders (DDs) are a range of conditions characterized by significant disruptions or fragmentation "in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. ...
s (DDs) defined in the fifth edition (DSM-5) of the ''
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (''DSM''; latest edition: ''DSM-5-TR'', published in March 2022) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a com ...
'' for individuals experiencing pathological dissociation that does not meet the full criteria for any specific dissociative disorder, such as dissociative identity disorder or
depersonalization-derealization disorder Depersonalization-derealization disorder (DPDR, DDD) is a mental disorder in which the person has persistent or recurrent feelings of depersonalization and/or derealization. Depersonalization is described as feeling disconnected or detached fro ...
. These two categories replaced the earlier Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) used in the
DSM-IV The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (''DSM''; latest edition: ''DSM-5-TR'', published in March 2022) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a com ...
and DSM-IV-TR. OSDD is used when the clinician can identify the reason why the presentation doesn’t fit a specific diagnosis, such as mixed dissociative symptoms or identity disturbance following
coercive persuasion Brainwashing is the controversial idea that the human mind can be altered or controlled against a person's will by manipulative psychological techniques. Brainwashing is said to reduce its subject's ability to think critically or independently ...
. A diagnosis of unspecified dissociative disorder is given when this reason is not specified. Like other dissociative disorders, these conditions are often trauma-related and may co-occur with other mental health diagnoses. Dissociative conditions appear to respond well to
psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of Psychology, psychological methods, particularly when based on regular Conversation, personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase hap ...
. There are currently no drugs available that treat dissociative symptoms directly.


Other specified dissociative disorder

Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD) is a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissociation that matches the
DSM-5 The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the '' Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'', the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiat ...
criteria for a
dissociative disorder Dissociative disorders (DDs) are a range of conditions characterized by significant disruptions or fragmentation "in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. ...
, but does not fit the full criteria for any of the dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder,
dissociative amnesia Dissociative amnesia or psychogenic amnesia is a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature." The conc ...
, and depersonalization/derealization disorder. Additionally, a diagnosis requires that reasons why the presentation does not fit specific diagnoses are specified. The
ICD-10 ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social cir ...
diagnosis which includes the DSM-5's OSDD (F44.89) is "Other dissociative onversiondisorders" (F44.8). The
ICD-11 The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It replaces the ICD-10 as the global standard for recording health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the World H ...
includes the diagnosis "Other specified dissociative disorders" (6B6

. There are currently four examples of OSDD given in the DSM. Examples of OSDD presentations include ongoing or recurring dissociative symptoms that involve shifts in identity or self-perception without full
amnesia Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. but it can also be temporarily caused by t ...
, disruptions in identity following sustained
psychological manipulation In psychology, manipulation is defined as an action designed to influence or control another person, usually in an underhanded or subtle manner which facilitates one's personal aims. Methods someone may use to manipulate another person may includ ...
or
coercive persuasion Brainwashing is the controversial idea that the human mind can be altered or controlled against a person's will by manipulative psychological techniques. Brainwashing is said to reduce its subject's ability to think critically or independently ...
, brief dissociative states in response to acute stressors, and episodes of
trance Trance is a state of semi-consciousness in which a person is not self-aware and is either altogether unresponsive to external stimuli (but nevertheless capable of pursuing and realizing an aim) or is selectively responsive in following the dir ...
-like detachment marked by unresponsiveness and altered awareness outside of
cultural norms A social norm is a shared standard of acceptable behavior by a group. Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into rules and laws. Social normative influences or so ...
. When diagnosing OSDD, a clinician specifies more detail on the diagnosis in the client's file. The DSM-5 gives the example of "recording 'other specified dissociative disorder' followed by the specific reason (e.g., 'dissociative trance')." A common misconception with the examples listed in the DSM is that they are four "types" of OSDD, but the DSM never actually names the examples as "types" of OSDD; rather, it lists them as examples of what the clinician could specify in the client's file. OSDD is the most common dissociative disorder and is diagnosed in 40% of dissociative disorder cases. It is often co-morbid with other mental illnesses such as complex posttraumatic stress disorder,
major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive depression (mood), low mood, low self-esteem, and anhedonia, loss of interest or pleasure in normally ...
,
generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning. Individuals with GAD are often overly con ...
,
personality disorders Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental health conditions characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the culture. T ...
,
substance use disorder Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences to self and others. Related terms include ''substance use problems'' and ''problematic drug or alcohol use''. Along with substance-ind ...
s, and
eating disorders An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating behaviors that adversely affect a person's health, physical or mental health, mental health. These behaviors may include eating too much food or too little food. Types of eatin ...
.


Unspecified dissociative disorder

A diagnosis of Unspecified dissociative disorder is given when the clinician does not give a reason for criteria for a specific dissociative disorder not being met. The DSM-5 gives the example of "insufficient information to make a more specific diagnosis (e.g., in emergency room settings)" as a reason for why this might be the case. The ICD-10 contains the similarly named diagnosis ''Dissociative onversiondisorder, unspecified'' (F44.9), and the ICD-11 contains ''Dissociative disorders, unspecified'' (6B6

.


Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified

Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS) was a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissociation that matched the DSM-IV criteria for a dissociative disorder, but did not fit the full criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders.


Diagnosis

Several examples of how DDNOS can manifest are provided in the DSM-IV. These examples, due to being numbered have been used as distinct subtypes of DDNOS in the following manner:Dell, Paul. (2009). The Long Struggle to Diagnose Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) I. MPD * DDNOS 1 – DID but switching not observed by clinician, or amnesia for the significant past but not everyday life. * DDNOS 1a – Like DID but with less distinct parts/no alters. Alters may be emotional fragments or the same individual at different ages. Can experience emotional amnesia rather than physical amnesia. * DDNOS 1b – Like DID but no amnesia between alters. * DDNOS 2 – Derealization without depersonalization. * DDNOS 3,4,5,etc. – DID but with specific symptoms. Eg) Identity change due to
brainwashing Brainwashing is the controversial idea that the human mind can be altered or controlled against a person's will by manipulative psychological techniques. Brainwashing is said to reduce its subject's ability to think critically or independently ...
, acute dissociative reaction, dissociative trance,
Ganser Syndrome Ganser syndrome is a rare dissociative disorder characterized by nonsensical or wrong answers to questions and other dissociative symptoms such as fugue, amnesia or conversion disorder, often with visual pseudohallucinations and a decreased sta ...
. * Dissociative disorder with unclear symptoms.


See also

*
Conversion disorder Conversion disorder (CD) was a formerly diagnosed psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal sensory experiences and movement problems during periods of high psychological stress. Individuals diagnosed with CD presented with highly distressin ...
* Dissociation *
Identity Identity may refer to: * Identity document * Identity (philosophy) * Identity (social science) * Identity (mathematics) Arts and entertainment Film and television * ''Identity'' (1987 film), an Iranian film * ''Identity'' (2003 film), an ...
*
Jamais vu In psychology, ''jamais vu'' ( , , ), a French loanword meaning "never seen", is the phenomenon of experiencing a situation that one recognizes in some fashion, but that nonetheless seems novel and unfamiliar. Overview ''Jamais vu'' involves ...
* Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)


References

{{reflist Dissociative disorders